The impact of presentation modes on mental rotation processing: a comparative analysis of eye movements and performance.

Mental rotation is the ability to rotate mental representations of objects in space. Shepard and Metzler's shape-matching tasks, frequently used to test mental rotation, involve presenting pictorial representations of 3D objects. This stimulus material has raised questions regarding the ecological validity of the test for mental rotation with actual visual 3D objects.

Open and reproducible neuroimaging: From study inception to publication.

Empirical observations of how labs conduct research indicate that the adoption rate of open practices for transparent, reproducible, and collaborative science remains in its infancy. This is at odds with the overwhelming evidence for the necessity of these practices and their benefits for individual researchers, scientific progress, and society in general. To date, information required for implementing open science practices throughout the different steps of a research project is scattered among many different sources.

Early fetal cardiac scan as an element of the sonographic first-trimester screening.

Early fetal cardiac scan (EFCS) is becoming an increasingly common element of the first trimester ultrasound screening carried out at 11-14 gestational weeks. It offers the first possibility to detect congenital heart defects (CHD) or, in ambiguous cases, to identify those pregnancies where a more detailed cardiac scan would be required later in pregnancy. The size of the fetal heart at the end of the first trimester and the associated relatively low image resolution make it impossible to capture all cardiac data to inform the ultimate picture.

Consequences on emergence of resistant bacteria from the use of antibacterials in animal husbandry.

Concern over the appearance of resistant bacteria in domestic animals and birds led in Great Britain to the establishment of a Government Committee of Enquiry on the use of antibiotics in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine known as the Swan Committee. This Committee made a number of recommendations about surveillance and control of diseases of animals communicable to man which included the establishment of a system of data collection. These recommendations were incorporated in a legal statute, the Zoonoses Order of 1975.

Serological comparison of the Escherichia coli prototype strains for the F(Y) and Att 25 adhesions implicated in neonatal diarrhoea in calves.

Slide agglutination tests using single absorbed and double absorbed antisera indicated that the Att 25 prototype Escherichia coli strain 25 KH9 produces the F(Y) adhesion; that this E coli also produces at least one other surface antigen not found on the F(Y) prototype E coli strain 11a; and that F(Y)+ E coli strain 28a produces at least one other surface antigen not produced by the prototype strains for the F(Y) and Att 25 antigens. These antigens were found on E coli isolated from outbreaks of calf diarrhoea in the United Kingdom.

The serological responses of calves to live Salmonella dublin vaccine--a comparison of different serological tests.

The serological responses to live Salmonella dublin vaccine was assessed in three groups of calves; three-day-old colostrum-deprived (3DO C-), three-day-old colostrum-fed (3DO C+) and three-month-old (3MO), by the following tests; serum agglutination test (SAT), indirect haemagglutination test (IHA), complement-fixation test (CFT) and antiglobulin test (AGT). Serological activity was detected by all the tests in the 3MO calves. In the 3DO C+ calves no serological activity was detected by either the somatic SAT or IHA but low levels of CF and somatic AGT antibodies were produced.

The production of F41 fimbriae by piglet strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli that lack K88, K99 and 987P fimbriae.

The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains 1676, 1706, 1751 and KEC96a, which do not produce fimbrial adhesive antigens of the K88, K99 or 987P antigen type reacted both in vitro and in vivo with antiserum to F41 fimbriae in an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Antiserum used to demonstrate material B, an adhesive antigen thought to mediate the adhesive and mannose-resistant (MR) haemagglutinating properties of E. coli strains 1676, 1706 and 1751, reacted in vitro with an F41+ strain.

An examination of Escherichia coli strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis for possible virulence determinants.

Ninety-five strains of Escherichia coli isolated from cases of bovine mastitis were examined for the possession of some of the possible virulence determinants. Ten strains which caused haemagglutination of bovine and ovine erythrocytes were considered to be fimbriated and an additional strain caused agglutination of chicken erythrocytes. Colicines were produced by fifteen strains and in three strains the colicine was identified as Col V.

[Uric acid determination in dilute serum with an enzyme electrochemical and enzyme-free sensor].

The paper describes the development of electrochemical methods for analytical determination of uric acid basing on amperometric sensors: with an uricase enzyme electrode, termed "electrochemical-enzymatic" method; with an enzyme-free electrode by indication of the anodic oxidation of uric acid, termed "electrochemical" method. The comparison of analytical quality of both methods shows a sufficient specificity, precision, and accuracy. They show a good correlation with regard to the specific uricase-catalase reference method (UCM): yelectr.

Immunization of animals with gal E mutants of "Salmonella typhimurium".

A galactose epimeraseless (gal E) mutant of Salmonella typhimurium was investigated in mice, calves and poultry for its suitability as a live vaccine. In mice a very highly significant difference in the mortality rates was observed when vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals were challenged with virulent strains of S. typhimurium and S.

Use of "E. coli" K99 vaccines in ewes to passively protect lambs against experimental colibacillosis.

Pregnant ewes were vaccinated with partially purified, cell free K99 antigen prepared from the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strain (0101:K99:NM) to passively immunize their lambs via the colostrum. After sucking their dams the lambs were infected orally with 10(10) - 10(11) organisms of the heterologous ETEC strain B44 (09:K30:K99), which possesses only the K99 antigen in common, within 4-21 h.

Adhesive properties associated with the Vir plasmid: a transmissible pathogenic characteristic associated with strains of invasive Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli strain S5 (O15:K+:H21) isolated from a septicaemic lamb and previously shown to possess a virulence plasmid, Vir, attached in vitro to calf epithelial tissue from the ileum, oesophagus and trachea in the presence of 0.5% (w/v) D-mannose. The Vir+ recombinant strains 711v and H209av, which had received the Vir plasmid(s) from strain S5, also attached to these epithelia but the parent strains 711 and H209a without the Vir plasmid were non-adhesive.

Adhesion in vitro and in vivo associated with an adhesive antigen (F41) produced by a K99 mutant of the reference strain Escherichia coli B41.

A K99-negative mutant of the K99 reference strain Escherichia coli B41 (O101:K99) was isolated (strain B41M). It did not react with OK antiserum to a K12 K99+ recombinant or with OK antiserum to K99-positive organisms from the O8, O20, or O64 serogroups, but it did react with OK antiserum to K99-positive organisms from the O101 and O9 serogroups. The mutant hemagglutinated sheep erythrocytes and attached in vitro to calf enterocytes when cultured at 37 degrees C but not when grown at 18 degrees C.

Salmonella dublin infection of calves: use of small doses to simulate natural infection on the farm.

Small numbers of Salmonella dublin were used to infect calves in an attempt to simulate natural infection on the farm. Twenty calves were exposed to S. dublin by one or more of the following methods: Sucking cows which were excreting S.

Salmonella infection in horses in England and Wales, 1973 to 1979.

During the period 1973 to 1979 the number of recorded incidents of equine salmonellosis increased from 23 in 1973 to a peak of 111 incidents in 1976, but has since decreased to 32 in 1979. Of the 416 incidents recorded during the period of the survey 292 were caused by Salmonella typhimurium and 121 by 33 different serotypes; in three instances rough strains of salmonella were involved. The number of incidents caused by serotypes other than S typhimurium increased from one in 1973 to 32 in 1976.