Breastfeeding Increases the Expression of TLR4, TNF-α, CCL2, and CCL3 in the Prepuce Tissue of Neonates.

Introduction: Innate immunity plays a significant role in the tissue repair process. It is well documented that breastfeeding may alter immune responses. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of breastfeeding on the levels of TLR1-4, TNF-α, TGF-β, CCL2, and CCL3 in the prepuce tissue of neonates.

Impairment of sperm efficiency in mice following short-term nano-titanium dioxide exposure: An experimental study.

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO NPs) are widely used in many compounds. Recent evidence has displayed some cytotoxic effects of TiO NPs on male reproduction.

Objective: The effects of TiO NP administration on sperm parameters and chromatin and seminiferous histopathology of male mice were investigated.

Evaluation of sperm retrieval rate with bilateral testicular sperm extraction in infertile patients with azoospermia.

Background: About 10% to 15% of infertile men have azoospermia, which could be obstructive or non-obstructive. Diagnostic biopsy from the testis and recently testicular sperm extraction (TESE) are the most precise investigations in these patients. Testicular biopsy can be done unilaterally or bilaterally.