Comparison of Intravenous Ketamine with Intrathecal Meperidine in Prevention of Post-anesthetic Shivering after Spinal Anesthesia for Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Post-anesthetic shivering is one of the most common complications after anesthesia. Ketamine has been considered to be an effective treatment for post-anesthetic shivering, but the evidence for its therapeutic benefit after spinal anesthesia is limited. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intravenous ketamine with intrathecal meperidine in the prevention of post-anesthetic shivering after spinal anesthesia for lower limb orthopedic surgeries.

Extra-intestinal pathogenic from human and avian origin: Detection of the most common virulence-encoding genes.

Pathogenic  strains cause a wide range of extra intestinal infections including urinary tract infection in humans and colibacillosis in poultry. They are classified into uropathogenic (UPEC) and avian pathogenic (APEC) with genetic similarities and variations. Their pathogenicity is related to the virulence-encoding genes like , , , and with zoonotic potentials.