The development of the self-other distinction in perceptions of social influence.

Prior research documents that adults in Western cultures perceive others as more susceptible to social influence than themselves (Pronin et al., 2007). Study 1 ( = 318) investigated the cultural generalizability of this asymmetric perception effect by examining young adults in South Korea, where conformity is relatively valued, and a comparison sample of young adults in the United States.

Exosome-mediated delivery of super-repressor IκBα alleviates inflammation and joint damages in rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: This study aims to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of exosomes engineered to carry super-repressor IκB (Exo-srIκB), an exosome-based NF-κB inhibitor, in the context of RA.

Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid mononuclear cells (SFMCs) were collected from patients diagnosed with RA and treated with Exo-srIκB to test the therapeutic potential. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to assess the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A and GM-CSF) by the cells.

Exosome-Based Delivery of Super-Repressor IκBα Alleviates Alcohol-Associated Liver Injury in Mice.

Activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) by gut-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) instigates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated liver diseases (ALD). Here, we utilized a novel optogenetically engineered exosome technology called 'exosomes for protein loading via optically reversible protein-protein interactions (EXPLOR)' to efficiently deliver the super-repressor IκB-loaded exosomes (Exo-srIκB) to the liver and examined its therapeutic potential in acute-on-chronic alcohol-associated liver injury. We detected enhanced uptake of DiI-labeled Exo-srIκB by LPS-treated inflammatory KCs, which suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory gene expression levels.

The Effect of Super-Repressor IkB-Loaded Exosomes (Exo-srIκBs) in Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain (CPIP) Models.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition associated with neuropathic pain that causes significant impairment of daily activities and functioning. Nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is thought to play an important role in the mechanism of CRPS. Recently, exosomes loaded with super-repressor inhibitory kappa B (Exo-srIκB, IκB; inhibitor of NFκB) have been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory disease models.

Targeted Delivery of Exosomes Armed with Anti-Cancer Therapeutics.

Among extracellular vesicles, exosomes have gained great attention for their role as therapeutic vehicles for delivering various active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Exosomes "armed" with anti-cancer therapeutics possess great potential for an efficient intracellular delivery of anti-cancer APIs and enhanced targetability to tumor cells. Various technologies are being developed to efficiently incorporate anti-cancer APIs such as genetic materials (miRNA, siRNA, mRNA), chemotherapeutics, and proteins into exosomes and to induce targeted delivery to tumor burden by exosomal surface modification.

Children acknowledge physical constraints less when actors behave stereotypically: Gender stereotypes as a case study.

A fundamental part of understanding structural inequality is recognizing that constrained choices, particularly those that align with societal stereotypes, are poor indicators of a person's desires. This study examined whether children (N = 246 U.S.

Children's reputation management: Learning to identify what is socially valued and acting upon it.

Much of what people do is motivated by a concern with social evaluation. We argue that the process of figuring out what others value and making effective use of this information presents significant cognitive challenges. These challenges include reasoning about the relevance of different forms of information and making inferences about the mental lives of others.

Exosome-based delivery of super-repressor IκBα ameliorates kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute kidney injury. Recent studies on the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury showed that immunologic responses significantly affect kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and repair. Nuclear factor (NF)-ĸB signaling, which controls cytokine production and cell survival, is significantly involved in ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury, and its inhibition can ameliorate ischemic acute kidney injury.

Biodistribution and Pharmacokinectics of Liposomes and Exosomes in a Mouse Model of Sepsis.

Exosomes have attracted considerable attention as drug delivery vehicles because their biological properties can be utilized for selective delivery of therapeutic cargoes to disease sites. In this context, analysis of the in vivo behaviors of exosomes in a diseased state is required to maximize their therapeutic potential as drug delivery vehicles. In this study, we investigated biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of HEK293T cell-derived exosomes and PEGylated liposomes, their synthetic counterparts, into healthy and sepsis mice.

MCP-1 and MIP-3α Secreted from Necrotic Cell-Treated Glioblastoma Cells Promote Migration/Infiltration of Microglia.

Background/aims: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The defining characteristics of GBM are diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into normal brain parenchyma, rapid growth, a high degree of infiltration of microglia and macrophages, and the presence of necrosis. Microglia/macrophages are frequently found in gliomas and they extensively infiltrate GBM tissue, up to 30% of total tumor mass.

Leptin Suppresses Glutamate-Induced Apoptosis Through Regulation of ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways in Rat Primary Astrocytes.

Background/aims: Leptin is a hormone expressed by adipose tissue that regulates body energy homeostasis and weight loss by activating leptin receptors in the hypothalamus. Leptin receptors are also expressed in astrocytes. An anti-apoptosis effect of leptin in brain has recently been reported.

Effect of glucose level on chemical hypoxia- and hydrogen peroxide-induced chemokine expression in human glioblastoma cell lines.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults and has poor prognosis. The GBM-specific tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in tumor progression, immune escape, local invasion, and metastasis of GBM. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and differential concentration of glucose influence the expression of cytokines and chemokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10, in human glial cell lines.

Effect of Necrosis on the miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in CRT-MG Human Astroglioma Cells.

Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary intracranial tumor. The remarkable features of GBM include central necrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for many cancers, including glioblastoma.

Necrotic cells influence migration and invasion of glioblastoma via NF-κB/AP-1-mediated IL-8 regulation.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults and has poor prognosis. Diffuse infiltration into normal brain parenchyma, rapid growth, and the presence of necrosis are remarkable hallmarks of GBM. However, the effect of necrotic cells on GBM growth and metastasis is poorly understood at present.

The epidemiology and economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection in Korea.

The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection and the associated burden have recently increased in many countries. While the main risk factors for C. difficile infection include old age and antibiotic use, the prevalence of this infection is increasing in low-risk groups.

Transcriptional regulation of adrenomedullin by oncostatin M in human astroglioma cells: implications for tumor invasion and migration.

Adrenomedullin (ADM), a secretory peptide with multiple functions in physiological to pathological conditions, is upregulated in several human cancers, including brain, breast, colon, prostate, and lung cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of ADM expression in cancerous cells are not fully understood. Here, we report that oncostatin M (OSM), a cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 family, induces ADM expression in astroglioma cells through induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and subsequent DNA binding to the ADM promoter.

SHP-2 binds to caveolin-1 and regulates Src activity via competitive inhibition of CSK in response to H2O2 in astrocytes.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate diverse cellular functions by triggering signal transduction events, such as Src and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. Here, we report the role of caveolin-1 and Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) in H2O2-induced signaling pathway in brain astrocytes. H2O2-mediated oxidative stress induced phosphorylation of caveolin-1 and association between p-caveolin-1 and SHP-2.