Background: Diagnosing anal incontinence (AI) based on manometry results is challenging due to the variation of the normal values and overlap between patients with and without AI. This study aimed to perform a systematic review on the difference in sphincter fatigability between patients with and without AI.
Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar were searched.
Background: To investigate the association between parameters indicating immunity from BCG at country level (presence of BCG vaccination policy, BCG coverage, age-specific incidence of tuberculosis (TB)) and the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19.
Methods: Country-specific data for COVID-19 cases and deaths, demographic details, BCG coverage and policy, age-specific TB incidence and income level were obtained. The crude COVID-19 cases and deaths per 100,000 population were calculated and assessed against the parameters indicating immunity from BCG using linear regression analysis.