Advances in Optogenetics and Thermogenetics for Control of Non-Neuronal Cells and Tissues in Biomedical Research.

Optogenetics and chemogenetics are relatively new biomedical technologies that emerged 20 years ago and have been evolving rapidly since then. This has been made possible by the combined use of genetic engineering, optics, and electrophysiology. With the development of optogenetics and thermogenetics, the molecular tools for cellular control are continuously being optimized, studied, and modified, expanding both their applications and their biomedical uses.