Mapping the landscapes of the Stalinist mass repressions.

In this article, we focus on the ways in which a variety of different carceral techniques used to punish and exploit people's labour during the Stalin period (1927-1953) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created a distinctive landscape of repression. Using the tools of historical geographic information science (GIS) to map the material landscape, we foreground space in the discussion of the USSR's exceptional history of repression. The 'carceral conditions' frame allows us to deconstruct boundaries erected over more than half a century of writing the history of the USSR that have maintained artificial distinctions between the victims and impacts of different punishment modalities.