Update on current pharmacologic therapies for diabetic retinopathy.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy is a major cause of visual loss worldwide. The most important clinical findings include diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Areas Covered: PubMed was used for our literature review.

Clinical Outcomes of Combined Phacoemulsification With Intraocular Lens Placement and Microincision Vitrectomy in Adult Vitreoretinal Disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of combined phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) placement and microincision vitrectomy surgery (MIVS) in adult patients with concomitant cataract and vitreoretinal disease.

Methods: A consecutive series of patients with comorbid vitreoretinal disease and cataract who had combined phacoemulsification with IOL placement and MIVS was retrospectively analyzed. The main outcome measures were visual acuity (VA) and intraoperative and postoperative complications.

Variables in the ACBD5 Gene Leading to Distinct Phenotypes: A Case Report.

We report the cases of a father and his daughter, the former diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and the latter with early foveal atrophy; while both shared a novel variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in the  gene (variant c.431G>A), they exhibited different clinical profiles and disease manifestations. The father was a 48-year-old man who presented with nyctalopia that had persisted since age seven.

Epidemiology of trauma in patients with mental disorders.

Objectives: We aimed to explore the influence of mental disorders on the risk of developing complications and in-hospital mortality after trauma.

Methods: We conducted an institutional review board-approved cohort study of 23 500 adult patients admitted to the Puerto Rico Trauma Hospital from 2002 to 2019. Participants were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of psychiatric illnesses.

Knowledge and Attitudes about Transgender Healthcare: Exploring the Perspectives of Hispanic Medical Students.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes about transgender care in Hispanic medical students at the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine (UPR SOM).

Methods: Medical students at the UPR SOM were invited to participate in a questionnaire to assess their attitudes and knowledge about the healthcare of transgender patients. The data were analyzed as percentages and averages using Stata version 14.

Clinical spectrum of blunted foveal contour.

Foveal hypoplasia is the absence of a foveal depression and the presence of the ganglion cell layer in the foveola. A spectrum of clinical characteristics, including normal or variably decreased visual acuity, has been described in patients with blunted foveal contours. Multiple systemic and ophthalmologic conditions including albinism, aniridia, nanophthalmos, prematurity, and fovea plana have been associated with this anomaly.

Clinical characteristics and ultra-widefield fundus image analysis of two siblings with Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 1 p.Met390Arg variant.

Purpose: To present the case of two siblings with a genetic diagnosis of Bardet Biedl syndrome (BBS) type 1, yet different clinical profiles and disease manifestations.

Observations: Sequencing analysis revealed a p.Met390Arg pathogenic variant in the BBS1 gene of both patients, as well as several additional variants of uncertain significance Patient 1 was 41 years old, had three primary (cone-rod dystrophy, hypogonadism, and truncal obesity) and three secondary (arterial hypertension, strabismus, and astigmatism) BBS features.

Unilateral morning glory disc anomaly in a patient with prenatal Zika virus exposure.

Background: To report a case of morning glory disc anomaly (MGDA) in a pediatric patient with prenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure.

Case Presentation: A 3-year-old male with prenatal exposure to ZIKV, confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction testing during the second trimester of pregnancy, was evaluated due to visual loss. Physical examination was remarkable for unilateral MGDA.