Ectopic AtCBF1 over-expression enhances freezing tolerance and induces cold acclimation-associated physiological modifications in potato.

We studied the effect of ectopic AtCBF over-expression on physiological alterations that occur during cold exposure in frost-sensitive Solanum tuberosum and frost-tolerant Solanum commersonii. Relative to wild-type plants, ectopic AtCBF1 over-expression induced expression of COR genes without a cold stimulus in both species, and imparted a significant freezing tolerance gain in both species: 2 degrees C in S. tuberosum and up to 4 degrees C in S.

Melanin in the extracellular matrix of germlings of Botrytis cinerea.

Previous work on the composition of the extracellular matrix of germlings of the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea demonstrated the presence of carbohydrate, protein, and simple lipids; which, together, comprised 50-60% of the dry weight. Here we show that most of the remaining mass of the extracellular matrix consists of a chemically inert dark pigment with the electron paramagnetic resonance characteristics of a melanin. Scanning electron micrographs of the purified pigment, and transmission electron micrographs of thin sections made using the pigment indicate that it has a filamentous structure.

Needle anatomy changes with increasing tree age in Douglas-fir.

Morphological differences between old-growth trees and saplings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) may extend to differences in needle anatomy. We used microscopy with image analysis to compare and quantify anatomical parameters in cross sections of previous-year needles of old-growth Douglas-fir trees and saplings at the Wind River Canopy Crane site in Washington and at three sites in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon.

Adhesion of germlings of Botrytis cinerea.

Adhesion of conidia and germlings of the facultative plant parasite Botrytis cinerea occurs in two distinct stages. The first stage, which occurs immediately upon hydration of conidia and is characterized by relatively weak adhesive forces, appears to involve hydrophobic interactions (R. P.

Characteristics of a cream of cheese with bacon frozen soup concentrate.

The starch granules of both Purity W, a modified waxy cornstarch, and wheat flour were affected by processing, refrigeration, freezing, and reheating. The major change in starch granules shown by scanning electron micrographs was the trend towards greater deformation of the starch granule and, apparently, subsequent greater homogeneity of the mixture. Sensory evaluation revealed a statistically significant difference (p of less than 0.

Effect of heating rate and freezing and reheating of corn and wheat starch-water dispersions.

In this study, evaluation of scanning electron micrographs emphasized that a heated starch-water dispersion is sensitive not only because of the type of starch but also to the mode of heating, cooling, and reheating. Differences in granule appearance were seen with both corn and wheat starch-water dispersions when they were heated at different rates. Both freezing and reheating influenced the starch-water dispersions.

Macrostructure of selected raw starches and selected heated starch dispersions.

The similarities and differences between raw starches and heated starch-water dispersions were determined pictorially using a scanning electron microscope. The photomicrographs showed that raw unmodified starches ranged from small and round to large and ellipsoidal in shape, with variation in uniformity and smoothness of the surface. Heating of corn and wheat starch in water dispersions caused swelling of the starch granule, some exudate, and eventual loss of original granule integrity.