The effect of systemic acetazolamide administration on intraocular pressure in healthy horses-A preliminary study.

Objectives: In equine glaucoma, topical treatment with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) is recommended. Oral acetazolamide, a systemic CAI, is used in horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Information regarding its effect on equine intraocular pressure (IOP) is scarce.

A Multi-Residue Analytical Method for Assessing the Effects of Stacking Treatment on Antimicrobial and Coccidiostat Degradation in Broiler Litter.

Antimicrobial drugs and coccidiostat compounds are commonly used in poultry farming. These compounds are subsequently excreted and released into the environment via broiler litter (BL) and can re-enter the food chain as fertilizer or animal feed. Such residue in animal feed can encourage the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as well as toxicity.

The Concentration of Metronidazole in the Distal Interphalangeal Joint following Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion via the Cephalic Vein in Standing Horses.

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of metronidazole in the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) of the thoracic limb after administering metronidazole to standing horses by intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP).

Methods:  Eleven healthy horses had a wide rubber tourniquet applied to the proximal aspect of the antebrachium for 0.5 hours and 500 mg of metronidazole diluted in physiologic saline solution to a total volume of 108 mL was administered by cephalic IVRLP.

Time to Peak Concentration of Amikacin in the Antebrachiocarpal Joint Following Cephalic Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion in Standing Horses.

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine the time (T) to the maximum concentration (C) of amikacin sulphate in synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) following cephalic intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) using 2 g of amikacin sulphate.

Methods:  Cephalic IVRLP was performed with 2 g of amikacin sulphate diluted in 0.9% NaCl to a total volume of 100 mL in six healthy adult mixed breed mares.

Azithromycin concentration in severely inflamed canine external ear canals - a case series.

Objective: To determine azithromycin concentration in severely inflamed canine external ear canals.

Material And Methods: Five dogs of various breeds and ages with severe and chronic otitis externa underwent ear canal reconstruction surgery. A single oral dose of azithromycin at 10 mg/kg was administered 12 to 24 hours prior to surgery.

Roxithromycin Pharmacokinetics in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients: Oral Administration of Whole Versus Crushed Tablets.

Background: Drug administration as tablets to debilitated elderly patients in crushed form can modify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the active components. Only scarce information is available on the pharmacokinetics when administered in such form. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of roxithromycin administered in crushed form and to compare it with the pharmacokinetics of a group of geriatric patients receiving it in the conventional tablet form.

Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with chloramphenicol using the saphenous or cephalic vein in standing horses.

Regional limb perfusion (RLP) significantly decreases morbidity and mortality associated with distal limb injuries in horses. There is an urgent need for finding additional effective antimicrobial drugs for use in RLP. In this study, we tested the pharmacokinetics (PK) of chloramphenicol in RLP.

CYP2D6 genotyping in paediatric patients with autism treated with risperidone: a preliminary cohort study.

Aim: To evaluate the association between cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotypes in paediatric patients with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) treated with risperidone, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and drug efficacy.

Method: An observational cohort study of 40 children (34 males, six females; median age 7y range 3-18y) with autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, or Asperger syndrome diagnosed using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and treated with risperidone for at least 3 months. Charts were reviewed for demographic and clinical information, response to treatment was assessed by parents and the treating neurologist on a three-point scale, and information about ADRs was collected.

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ibuprofen in pediatric patients and antipyretic effect: Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling analysis.

We aimed to determine the relationship between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of ibuprofen and the antipyretic effect in pediatric patients. A prospective cohort of infants and children aged 3 months to 15 years and treated with ibuprofen was studied. The patients received ibuprofen (via oral route, median dose of 10.

Acute maduramicin toxicosis in pregnant gilts.

Ionophores are used as feed additives for the control of coccidiosis and growth promotion in farm animals. Reports of maduramicin toxicosis in farm animals are scarce. The present work describes an acute maduramicin toxicosis affecting 22 pregnant gilts, 2 pregnant sows and 2 boars, resulting in a total mortality of 65% within 2days.

Intravenous infusion of electrolyte solution changes pharmacokinetics of drugs: pharmacokinetics of ampicillin.

The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin in dogs was determined after intravenous (i.v.) bolus and constant rate infusion.

Azithromycin pharmacokinetics in the serum and its distribution to the skin in healthy dogs and dogs with pyoderma.

Serum and skin tissue azithromycin (AZM) concentrations were analysed in healthy and pyoderma affected dogs to determine AZM pharmacokinetics and to establish the effect of disease on AZM skin disposition. AZM was administered orally to two groups of healthy dogs: (1) at 7.02 mg/kg (n=7) and (2) at 11.

Workshop report: the 2012 antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine: exploring the consequences of antimicrobial drug use: a 3-D approach.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge that impacts both human and veterinary health care. The resilience of microbes is reflected in their ability to adapt and survive in spite of our best efforts to constrain their infectious capabilities. As science advances, many of the mechanisms for microbial survival and resistance element transfer have been identified.

New validated multiresidue analysis of six 4-hydroxy-coumarin anticoagulant rodenticides in hen eggs.

Anticoagulant rodenticides are frequently a cause of poisoning of domestic animals, wildlife, and human beings. A toxicosis in 6,000 laying hens caused by the malicious addition of unknown amounts of coumatetralyl bait as well as the insecticides aldicarb, methomyl, and imidacloprid in the drinking water, was investigated in the current study. In order to determine a possible carryover of coumatetralyl into eggs, a rapid and reliable analytical method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous detection of 6 anticoagulant rodenticides (warfarin, coumatetralyl, coumachlor, bromadiolone, difenacoum, and brodifacoum) in yolk and albumen using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection.

Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in hospitalized geriatric patients: comparison between nasogastric tube and oral administration.

Objectives: Drug administration to debilitated elderly patients on enteral feeding through a nasogastric tube (NGT) can modify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug and influence its therapeutic blood concentration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin administered through an NGT and to compare it with those of a group of patients receiving the drug orally.

Methods: Twenty patients in stable clinical and hemodynamic condition from the long-term care ward of a geriatric multilevel hospital were studied.

Cuticular fatty acid profile analysis of three Rhipicephalus tick species (Acari: Ixodidae).

Cuticular fatty acids (CFA) are important constituents of the arthropod exoskeleton, serving as structural and defense components, and participating in intra-species communication. Here we describe for the first time a comparative analysis of the CFA profiles of three tick species of the genus Rhipicephalus: R. annulatus, R.

Carry-over of aflatoxin B1 to aflatoxin M1 in high yielding Israeli cows in mid- and late-lactation.

The potent hepatotoxin and carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin contaminant of grains used in animal feeds. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the major metabolite of AFB1 in mammals, being partially excreted into milk, and is a possible human carcinogen. The maximum permitted concentration of AFM1 in cows' milk is 0.

Challenges associated with the demonstration of bioequivalence of intramammary products in ruminants.

This article explores the numerous challenges encountered when the goal is to demonstrate bioequivalence (BE) between test and reference intramammary (IMM) products in ruminants. Numerous pathophysiological factors of mastitis and physicochemical properties of IMM formulations are implicated in the difficulties in confirming BE for this dosage form. Advantages and disadvantages of current BE study designs are discussed, and alternative perspectives are outlined.

Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in horses after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration.

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug that has been used clinically for the last two decades to treat moderate to moderately severe pain in humans. The present study investigated tramadol administration in horses by intravenous, intramuscular, oral as immediate-release and oral as sustained-release dosage-form routes. Seven horses were used in a four-way crossover study design in which racemic tramadol was administered at 2 mg/kg by each route of administration.

Oral controlled-release formulation in veterinary medicine.

The development of controlled-release dosage forms (CRDFs) is highly desirable both from a convenience and compliance perspective. Furthermore, these formulations release drugs at a prescribed rate, leading to relatively constant blood drug concentrations or to pulse dosing. Another benefit is the ability to administer medications in infrequent regimens.