2024 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces.

This is the eighth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations; a more comprehensive review was done in 2020. This latest summary addresses the most recent published resuscitation evidence reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force science experts. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations.

Cardiac arrest in adult cardiology patients receiving anaesthetic care: analysis from the 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

Background: The 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest because of existing knowledge gaps in this important topic. This applies in particular to cardiology patients receiving anaesthetic care, because numbers, types and complexity of minimally invasive interventional procedures requiring planned and unplanned anaesthesia in the cardiac intervention suite is increasing.

Methods: We analysed collected data to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, management and outcomes of peri-operative cardiac arrest in adult patients receiving anaesthetic care for cardiology procedures.

Resuscitation on the field of play: a best-practice guideline from Resuscitation Council UK.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the leading cause of sudden death in athletes during high-level, organised sport. Patient-related and event-related factors provide an opportunity for rapid intervention and the potential for high survival rates. The aim of this consensus was to develop a best-practice guideline for dedicated field-of-play medical teams responding to SCA during an organised sporting event.

Anaesthesia associates' clinical activity, case mix, supervision and involvement in peri-operative cardiac arrest: analysis from the 7th National Audit Project.

Background: We analysed the clinical practice of anaesthesia associates in the UK, as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, and compared these with medically qualified anaesthetists.

Methods: We included data from our baseline survey, activity survey and case registry as with other reports from the project.

Results: Among 197 departments of anaesthesia, 52 (26%) employed anaesthesia associates.

Improving Outcomes After Post-Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

This scientific statement presents a conceptual framework for the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury, explores reasons for previous failure to translate preclinical data to clinical practice, and outlines potential paths forward. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is characterized by 4 distinct but overlapping phases: ischemic depolarization, reperfusion repolarization, dysregulation, and recovery and repair. Previous research has been challenging because of the limitations of laboratory models; heterogeneity in the patient populations enrolled; overoptimistic estimation of treatment effects leading to suboptimal sample sizes; timing and route of intervention delivery; limited or absent evidence that the intervention has engaged the mechanistic target; and heterogeneity in postresuscitation care, prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments.

Improving Outcomes After Post-Cardiac Arrest Brain Injury: A Scientific Statement From the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.

This scientific statement presents a conceptual framework for the pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest brain injury, explores reasons for previous failure to translate preclinical data to clinical practice, and outlines potential paths forward. Post-cardiac arrest brain injury is characterized by 4 distinct but overlapping phases: ischemic depolarization, reperfusion repolarization, dysregulation, and recovery and repair. Previous research has been challenging because of the limitations of laboratory models; heterogeneity in the patient populations enrolled; overoptimistic estimation of treatment effects leading to suboptimal sample sizes; timing and route of intervention delivery; limited or absent evidence that the intervention has engaged the mechanistic target; and heterogeneity in postresuscitation care, prognostication, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments.

Advanced life support interventions during intra-operative cardiac arrest among adults as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

Background: Few existing resuscitation guidelines include specific reference to intra-operative cardiac arrest, but its optimal treatment is likely to require some adaptation of standard protocols.

Methods: We analysed data from the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists to determine the incidence and outcome from intra-operative cardiac arrest and to summarise the advanced life support interventions reported as being used by anaesthetists.

Results: In the baseline survey, > 50% of anaesthetists responded that they would start chest compressions when the non-invasive systolic pressure was < 40-50 mmHg.

Food hygiene knowledge and behaviour among domestic food handlers during COVID 19 pandemic in Bangladesh.

The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped every aspect of life, including food safety. Understanding food safety behaviour at home is necessary for developing effective strategies to mitigate foodborne disease during and after this pandemic. This study administered a cross-sectional survey among 503 domestic food handlers to examine the food handlers' food safety concerns during the pandemic and pandemic-related knowledge and hygiene behaviour (PRKHB) in Bangladesh.

Peri-operative cardiac arrest in the older frail patient as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

Frailty increases peri-operative risk, but details of its burden, clinical features and the risk of, and outcomes following, peri-operative cardiac arrest are lacking. As a preplanned analysis of the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists, we described the characteristics of older patients living with frailty undergoing anaesthesia and surgery, and those reported to the peri-operative cardiac arrest case registry. In the activity survey, 1676 (26%) of 6466 patients aged > 65 y were reported as frail (Clinical Frailty Scale score ≥ 5).

Peri-operative cardiac arrest in children as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

The 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest. An activity survey estimated UK paediatric anaesthesia annual caseload as 390,000 cases, 14% of the UK total. Paediatric peri-operative cardiac arrests accounted for 104 (12%) reports giving an incidence of 3 in 10,000 anaesthetics (95%CI 2.

Cardiac arrest in obstetric patients receiving anaesthetic care: results from the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

The 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest. Additional inclusion criteria for obstetric anaesthesia were: cardiac arrest associated with neuraxial block performed by an anaesthetist outside the operating theatre (labour epidural analgesia); and cardiac arrest associated with remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia. There were 28 cases of cardiac arrest in obstetric patients, representing 3% of all cardiac arrests reported to NAP7, giving an incidence of 7.

Emergency treatment of peri-operative anaphylaxis: Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for anaesthetists.

Peri-operative anaphylaxis is a rare but potentially catastrophic event which must be considered whenever unexpected and significant cardiovascular or respiratory compromise occurs during anaesthesia. The Resuscitation Council UK algorithm for peri-operative anaphylaxis highlights the importance of early intravenous adrenaline and fluid resuscitation and provides guidance on the treatment of refractory anaphylaxis and immediate follow-up. This algorithm is endorsed by the Royal College of Anaesthetists, Association of Anaesthetists, British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Clinical Immunology Professional Network of the British Society for Immunology.

Peri-operative cardiac arrest due to suspected anaphylaxis as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.

The 7th National Audit Project (NAP7) of the Royal College of Anaesthetists studied peri-operative cardiac arrest. Among 59 cases reported as possible anaphylaxis, 33 (56%) were judged to be so by the review panel with high or moderate confidence. Causes in excluded cases included: isolated severe hypotension; bronchospasm; and oesophageal intubation.