Assessing discrepancies in estimates of road traffic deaths in Brazil.

Introduction: The First UN Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020) ended with most low/middle-income countries (LMICs) failing to reduce road traffic deaths. In contrast, Brazil reported a strong decline starting in 2012. However, comparisons with global health statistical estimates suggest that official statistics from Brazil under-report traffic deaths and overestimate declines.

Addressing discrepancies in estimates of road traffic deaths and injuries in Ethiopia.

Background: There are large discrepancies between official statistics of traffic injuries in African countries and estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study and WHO's Global Status Reports on Road Safety (GSRRS). We sought to assess the magnitude of the discrepancy in Ethiopia, its implications and how it can be addressed.

Methods: We systematically searched for nationally representative epidemiological data sources for road traffic injuries and vehicle ownership in Ethiopia and compared estimates with those from GBD and GSRRS.

Estimates of road traffic deaths in Tanzania.

Introduction: There is considerable uncertainty in estimates of traffic deaths in many sub-Saharan African countries, with the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and the Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS) reporting widely differing estimates. As a case study, we reviewed and compared estimates for Tanzania.

Methods: We estimated the incidence of traffic deaths and vehicle ownership in Tanzania from nationally representative surveys.

Anticipated uptake of genetic testing for familial melanoma in an Australian sample: An exploratory study.

Introduction: The potential role of genetic testing in families with an inherited pattern of melanoma is a complex issue, and yet limited data exist on perceptions of predictive genetic testing for mutations among individuals at high risk of melanoma.

Methodology: Forty semi-structured interviews were undertaken with affected and unaffected individuals at either high or average risk of developing melanoma due to family history. Interviews addressed key issues such as: the role of genetics in causal attributions for melanoma; genetic testing intentions and motivations; perceived accuracy of genetic testing in predicting melanoma onset, and the impact of varied accuracy on testing intentions; views on the testing of children; perceived benefits and limitations of testing; and information needs and communication preferences.

The effect of fasting on attentional biases for food and body shape/weight words in high and low Eating Disorder Inventory scorers.

Objective: To assess attentional biases associated with food and body shape/weight words in fasted and nonfasted high and low Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) scorers.

Method: Subjects were 56 female first-year undergraduate psychology students, aged 17-24 years, participating for course credit. High and low scorers on the Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the EDI-2 completed alternative modified dot probe tasks containing food words, body shape/weight words, and control words, under fasted and nonfasted conditions.

Escape deficits induced by inescapable shock and metabolic stress are reversed by adenosine receptor antagonists.

We examined the relationship between metabolic stress, brain adenosine regulation, and the learned helplessness effect in four experiments in rats. Glucoprivation and metabolic inhibition were induced by treating previously restrained (nonshocked) rats with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) shortly before escape testing. Experiment 1 demonstrated that 2-deoxy-D-glucose impairs escape performance in a dose-dependent manner.

Effective and ineffective use of fear in health promotion campaigns.

Health promotion campaigns are typically designed to elicit fear, yet the use of fear is often ineffective in achieving the desired behavior change. Campaigns which attempt to use fear as part of a punishment procedure are unlikely to succeed. Consistent with established principles of learning, fear is most likely to be effective if the campaign allows for the desired behavior to be reinforced by a reduction in the level of fear.