Investigating the ATN (Amyloid, Tau, Neurodegeneration) framework in Alzheimer’s Disease and its causal genetic‐drivers using Digital‐Twins.

Background: Amyloid, Tau and neurodegeneration (ATN), the hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) translating to measurable biomarkers are important for disease modifying therapeutics.

Method: AD Digital‐Twins were built using AITIA’s patented A.I.

Incidence of Infections in Republic of Korea: A Prospective Study With Active Surveillance vs. National Data From Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service.

Background: Since the emergence of hypervirulent strains of , the incidence of infections (CDI) has increased significantly.

Methods: To assess the incidence of CDI in Korea, we conducted a prospective multicentre observational study from October 2020 to October 2021. Additionally, we calculated the incidence of CDI from mass data obtained from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) from 2008 to 2020.

Assessment of quality of care for hospitalized non-COVID-19 older adult patients with pneumonia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: There is limited research into the clinical implications of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for non-COVID-19 pneumonia in older adults, as well as their quality of care or outcomes. This study aims to assess the process and outcome quality of care for hospitalized older adult patients with pneumonia before and after the pandemic.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of older adult patients (age ≥ 65) hospitalized for non-COVID pneumonia were recruited from five Korean hospitals (January 20, 2019, to January 19, 2021).

Changes in proteinuria and the associated risks of ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris in Korean population.

Objectives: Proteinuria is widely used to predict cardiovascular risk. However, there is insufficient evidence to predict how changes in proteinuria may affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Methods: The study included 265,236 Korean adults who underwent health checkups in 2003-2004 and 2007-2008.

Four Times of Relapse of Plasmodium vivax Malaria Despite Primaquine Treatment in a Patient with Impaired Cytochrome P450 2D6 Function.

Plasmodium vivax exhibits dormant liver-stage parasites, called hypnozoites, which can cause relapse of malaria. The only drug currently used for eliminating hypnozoites is primaquine. The antimalarial properties of primaquine are dependent on the production of oxidized metabolites by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6).

Risk Scoring System of Mortality and Prediction Model of Hospital Stay for Critically Ill Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition.

Predicting the clinical progression of intensive care unit (ICU) patients is crucial for survival and prognosis. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to develop the risk scoring system of mortality and the prediction model of ICU length of stay (LOS) among patients admitted to the ICU. Data from ICU patients aged at least 18 years who received parenteral nutrition support for ≥50% of the daily calorie requirement from February 2014 to January 2018 were collected.

Retrosternal hematoma in sternal fracture for prediction of concomitant injury on chest CT.

Background: Isolated sternal fracture, a benign injury, has been increasing in the pan-scan era, although one-third of patients with sternal fracture still has trouble with concomitant injury. The differentiation of these two entities is important to optimize patient management.

Purpose: To evaluate correlation between retrosternal hematoma and concomitant injury in patients with sternal fracture and to identify predicting factors for concomitant injury in sternal fracture.

Clinical application of next-generation sequencing for the management of desmoid tumors: A case report and literature review.

Rationale: Desmoid tumors are rare myofibroblastic neoplasms characterized by local invasiveness and high rates of recurrence, and sometimes mimic local recurrence of previously resected malignancies. Previous studies have suggested that molecular profiling may be useful for the diagnosis of the tumors and risk stratification. However, the clinical utility of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the management of desmoid tumors has not been established.

Case report of tracheobronchial injuries after acid ingestion: CT findings with serial follow-up: Airway complication after acid ingestion.

Rationale: Tracheobronchial injury from acid ingestion is a less reported clinical presentation than injury of the gastrointestinal tract, but it can occur due to direct exposure from acid aspiration and cause fatal complications.

Patient Concerns: A 43-year-old man presented to the emergency department after ingesting nitric acid complaining of chest pain and dyspnea.

Diagnoses: The initial chest computed tomography (CT) images revealed an acute lung injury related to acid aspiration.

Comparison of antiviral effect for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 cases between lopinavir/ritonavir versus hydroxychloroquine: A nationwide propensity score-matched cohort study.

Objectives: We aimed to compare the antiviral effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in patients with COVID-19.

Methods: Nationwide retrospective case-control study was conducted to compare the effect of HCQ and LPV/r on viral shedding duration among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 using the reimbursement data of National Health Insurance Service. After propensity score matching (PSM), multivariate analysis was conducted to determine statistically significant risk factors associated with prolonged viral shedding.

Primary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade in an Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma with High PD-L1 Expression.

Several studies have shown that and mutations have different effects on the susceptibility to immune checkpoint blockade in -mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the impact of co-mutations on treatment outcomes in the same clinical setting has never been reported. We recently encountered a case of a 70-year-old man who was diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma with high-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression.

Measurement accuracy of lung nodule volumetry in a phantom study: Effect of axial-volume scan and iterative reconstruction algorithm.

An axial-volume scan with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) is newly developed. Our goal was to identify the influence of axial-volume scan and ASIR-V on accuracy of automated nodule volumetry.An "adult' chest phantom containing various nodules was scanned using both helical and axial-volume modes at different dose settings using 256-slice CT.

Combined CT texture analysis and nodal axial ratio for detection of nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of a combination of CT texture analysis (CTTA) and nodal axial ratio to detect metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods: The contrast-enhanced chest CT images of 78 LNs (40 metastasis, 38 benign) from 38 patients with ESCC were retrospectively analyzed. Nodal axial ratios (short-axis/long-axis diameter) were calculated.

Coronary artery calcium severity grading on non-ECG-gated low-dose chest computed tomography: a multiple-observer study in a nationwide lung cancer screening registry.

Objectives: To identify the optimal method for evaluation of coronary artery calcium (CAC) severity on non-electrocardiogram-gated low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT) in a nationwide lung cancer screening registry.

Methods: A total of 256 subjects were retrospectively enrolled from participants of the Korean Lung Cancer Screening (K-LUCAS) project (an LDCT lung cancer screening registry for high-risk individuals). Four board-certified cardiothoracic radiologists independently assessed CAC severity using four different scoring methods (visual assessment, artery-based grading, segment-involvement grading, and segment-based grading) and classified severity for each case using all four methods as none, mild, moderate, or severe.

Bayesian network analysis incorporating genetic anchors complements conventional Mendelian randomization approaches for exploratory analysis of causal relationships in complex data.

Mendelian randomization (MR) implemented through instrumental variables analysis is an increasingly popular causal inference tool used in genetic epidemiology. But it can have limitations for evaluating simultaneous causal relationships in complex data sets that include, for example, multiple genetic predictors and multiple potential risk factors associated with the same genetic variant. Here we use real and simulated data to investigate Bayesian network analysis (BN) with the incorporation of directed arcs, representing genetic anchors, as an alternative approach.

Clinical Utility of Quantitative CT Analysis for Fissure Completeness in Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: Comparison between CT and Chartis™.

Objective: The absence of collateral ventilation (CV) is crucial for effective bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with an endobronchial valve. Here, we assessed whether CT can predict the Chartis™ results.

Materials And Methods: This study included 69 patients (mean age: 70.

GenoType NTM-DR Performance Evaluation for Identification of Mycobacterium avium Complex and Mycobacterium abscessus and Determination of Clarithromycin and Amikacin Resistance.

We evaluated the GenoType NTM-DR (NTM-DR) line probe assay for identifying complex (MAC) species and subspecies and for determining clarithromycin and amikacin resistance. Thirty-eight reference strains and 145 clinical isolates (58 MAC and 87 isolates), including 54 clarithromycin- and/or amikacin-resistant strains, were involved. The performance of the NTM-DR assay in rapid identification was evaluated by comparison with results of multigene sequence-based typing, whereas performance in rapid detection of clarithromycin and amikacin resistance was evaluated by comparison with sequencing of the (41), , and genes and drug susceptibility testing (DST).

Quantitative computed tomography texture analysis: can it improve diagnostic accuracy to differentiate malignant lymph nodes?

Background And Objective: Mediastinal lymph node (LN) staging in individuals with non-small-cell lung cancer plays an important role in staging and treatment planning. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) texture analysis (CTTA) in differentiating benign and malignant mediastinal LNs.

Methods: Pathologically confirmed malignant and benign mediastinal LN samples, obtained using endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA), were retrospectively reviewed, in addition to chest CT and 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake positron emission tomography (PET) data.

Application of next-generation sequencing to detect variants of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: genotype-phenotype correlation.

Background: Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a major health issue worldwide. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has begun to be used to detect resistance genes of MTB. We aimed to assess the clinical usefulness of Ion S5 NGS TB research panel for detecting MTB resistance in Korean tuberculosis patients.

Author Correction: Discovery and refinement of genetic loci associated with cardiometabolic risk using dense imputation maps.

In the version of the article published, the surname of author Aaron Isaacs is misspelled as Issacs.