Considerations of Throwing Athletes With Upper Extremity Injury When Completing the Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE): A Report From the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network.

Context: The Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) is a widely used patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure that provides an efficient but limited view of patient perceptions of health. Knowledge of what throwing athletes with upper extremity injury consider when answering the SANE would inform score interpretation and increase its value for clinical decision-making in this patient population.

Objective: To investigate the global rating of the SANE and its ability to capture constructs of health reflected in PRO measures that are commonly used in throwing athletes with upper extremity sport-related injury.

The Adolescent Patient Perspective on Activity Limitations After Sport-Related Concussion.

Context: Assessment of sport-related concussion (SRC) has begun to include patient-reported outcome measures. However, understanding of which health limitations are most meaningful to adolescents after SRC is limited.

Objective: To explore patient-perceived activity limitations after SRC and throughout recovery to return to play and mapped according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) model.

Athletic Trainers' Observations of Social Determinants of Health in the Collegiate Setting: A Card Study.

Context: Addressing social determinants of health (SDOH) in all populations improves patient outcomes, leading to better patient-centered care. Despite known influences of SDOH, little is known about the ability of athletic trainers (ATs) to observe SDOH in practice.

Objective: To explore ATs' observations of SDOH and describe actions taken at the point of care in collegiate and university settings.

Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of and Experience with Social Determinants of Health.

The role that social determinants of health (SDHs) play in athletic healthcare is gaining attention, yet little is known about athletic trainers' (ATs) perceptions of and encounters with the impact of SDHs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ATs' perceptions of various SDHs and their experience treating patients whose health and well-being were influenced by SDHs. This was a cross-sectional, web-based survey completed by 1694 ATs (completion rate = 92.

The Knowledge and Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Framework in Athletic Training.

In 2015, the Strategic Alliance adopted the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as the disablement model framework for delivery of and communication about patient care in athletic training. The purpose of this study was to examine athletic trainers' familiarity, knowledge, application, and implementation of the ICF framework. We used a cross-sectional online survey with 185 athletic trainers (age = 35 ± 9 y), which included 32 items focused on familiarity, knowledge, application, and implementation of the ICF framework.

Athletic Trainers' Familiarity, Comfort, Knowledge, and Recognition of Social Determinants of Health.

Context: Social determinants of health (SDOH)-education, transportation, housing, employment, health systems and services, economic status, and physical and social environments-influence patient outcomes; therefore, athletic trainers (ATs) need to understand and address these factors. However, little is known about how ATs perceive SDOH or how knowledgeable they are about social factors that contribute to patient health and well-being.

Objective: To evaluate ATs' familiarity and comfort with SDOH and their perceived knowledge and recognition of SDOH.

Patient-reported outcome measures as an outcome variable in sports medicine research.

Injury prevention and rehabilitation research often address variables that would be considered clinician-oriented outcomes, such as strength, range of motion, laxity, and return-to-sport. While clinician-oriented variables are helpful in describing the physiological recovery from injury, they neglect the patient perspective and aspects of patient-centered care. Variables that capture patient perspective are essential when considering the impact of injury and recovery on the lives of patients.

A Systematic Dry-Needling Treatment to Support Recovery Posttraining for Division I Ice Hockey Athletes: An Exploration Case Series.

Context: For this case series, 4 student-athletes (age range = 20-22 years) participating in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ice hockey served as cases. They were free of injury and participated in all team activities without restrictions.

Treatment: A dry needling (DN) lower extremity recovery protocol was completed for all athletes during a single session.

Interpreting patient-rated outcome measures in adolescent patients following concussion.

Objective: To estimate scale scores for patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures that classify patients as improved or unimproved at days 3 and 10 post-concussion.

Methods: Data from 187 adolescent patients who sustained a concussion (150 males, 32 females, 5 not reported) were analyzed. Patients completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), and Global Rating of Change (GROC) on days 3 and 10 post-concussion.

Characterizing athletic healthcare: A perspective on methodological challenges, lessons learned, and paths forward.

Recently, there has been an emphasis on collecting large datasets in the field of sports medicine. While there have been great advances in areas of sport performance and sport epidemiology, there have been fewer efforts dedicated to understanding the effectiveness and impact of athletic healthcare, including injury prevention programs and rehabilitation interventions provided at the point-of-care. In 2009, the Athletic Training Practice-Based Research Network (AT-PBRN) was launched to address this need, with the mission of improving the quality of care provided by athletic trainers.

A descriptive and comparative analysis of injuries reported in USA Cycling-sanctioned competitive road cycling events.

Background: Competition in road cycling events is common, yet little is known about the nature and disposition of injuries sustained in these events. The purpose of this study is to describe injured body regions and the disposition of injuries sustained by cyclists during competitive road cycling events.

Methods: Data regarding body region injured and injury disposition were retrospectively analyzed from a convenience sample of 1053 injury reports (male: n = 650 [61.

Non-Time-Loss and Time-Loss Injuries in Secondary School Girls' Volleyball Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program.

Context: Volleyball is a popular sport with a risk of injury to the entire body. Insight into non-time-loss (NTL) and time-loss (TL) injuries is needed to inform seasonal injury trends that may lead to appropriate prevention and management strategies. This study provides a descriptive analysis of volleyball injuries among secondary school athletes.

Social Determinants of Health: Considerations for Athletic Health Care.

Health disparities are prevalent concerns in the United States and a frequent topic of conversation in the public health realm. Causes of health disparities include social inequities and social determinants of health. Although social determinants of health have been suggested to contribute more to individual and population health than the health care provided, this concept in athletic health care has received little attention.

Evaluating Multiple Domains of Health in High School Athletes With Sport-Related Concussion.

Context: Concussions are shown to hinder multiple health dimensions, including health-related quality of life (HRQOL), suggesting a need for a whole-person approach to assessment and treatment. Patient-reported outcome measures are one method to gather the patient's perspective regarding their HRQOL.

Objective: To evaluate perceived HRQOL using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric-25 subscale in patients throughout concussion recovery.

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Sports Medicine: A Concise Resource for Clinicians and Researchers.

Background: Despite the importance of assessing patient outcomes during patient care, current evidence suggests relatively limited use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) by athletic trainers (ATs). Major barriers to PROM use include lack of knowledge, navigating the intricate process of assessing a wide variety of PROMs, and selecting the most appropriate PROM to use for care. A concise resource for ATs to consult when selecting and implementing PROMs may help facilitate the use of PROMs in athletic health care.

Non-Time-Loss and Time-Loss Softball Injuries in Secondary School Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION).

Context: Most studies of injury trends associated with softball focus on injuries requiring at least 24 hours of missed participation time (time-loss [TL] injuries), with little focus on those that do not (non-time-loss [NTL] injuries). A better understanding of injury trends associated with softball will improve athlete care.

Objective: To describe NTL and TL injuries experienced by secondary school girls' softball players.

Disablement Model and Health-Related Quality of Life Classification for Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Instruments.

Context: The National Institutes of Health created a medical research road map that included the development of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). A key feature of PROMIS was the development of patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) addressing various aspects of health. Understanding disablement dimensions and health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) domains captured through PROMIS measures will help with instrument selection.

The Impact of a Previous Ankle Injury on Current Health-Related Quality of Life in College Athletes.

Context: There has been an increased interest in understanding how ankle injuries impact patient outcomes; however, it is unknown how the severity of a previous ankle injury influences health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Objective: To determine the impact of a previous ankle injury on current HRQOL in college athletes.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

The Association Between Length of Recovery Following Sport-Related Concussion and Generic and Specific Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescent Athletes: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study.

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the association between concussion recovery and health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Setting: Secondary school athletic training facilities.

Participants: Patients (N = 122) with a concussion.

Reference Values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale in Adolescent Athletes by Sport and Sex.

Background: Effective use of patient-rated outcome measures to facilitate optimal patient care requires an understanding of the reference values of these measures within the population of interest. Little is known about reference values for commonly used patient-rated outcome measures in adolescent athletes.

Purpose: To determine reference values for the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS) in adolescent athletes by sport and sex.

The Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST)-Part II: Reliability and Validity of an Upper Extremity Region-Specific and Population-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Scale for Throwing Athletes.

Background: The Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST) is an upper extremity (UE) region-specific and population-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) scale developed to measure health-related quality of life in throwers with UE injuries. Stages I and II, described in a companion paper, of FAST development produced a 22-item scale and a 9-item pitcher module. Stage III of scale development, establishing reliability and validity of the FAST, is reported herein.

The Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST)-Part I: The Design and Development of an Upper Extremity Region-Specific and Population-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Scale for Throwing Athletes.

Background: Upper extremity (UE) region-specific, patient-reported outcome (PRO) scales assess injuries to the UE but do not account for the demands of overhead throwing athletes or measure patient-oriented domains of health-related quality of life (HRQOL).

Purpose: To develop the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers (FAST), a UE region-specific and population-specific PRO scale that assesses multiple domains of disablement in throwing athletes with UE injuries. In stage I, a beta version of the scale was developed for subsequent factor identification, final item reduction, and construct validity analysis during stage II.

Injury and treatment characteristics of sport-specific injuries sustained in interscholastic athletics: a report from the athletic training practice-based research network.

Background: The inclusion of clinical practice factors, beyond epidemiologic data, may help guide medical coverage and care decisions.

Hypothesis: Trends in injury and treatment characteristics of sport-specific injuries sustained by secondary school athletes will differ based on sport.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of electronic patient records.