Latent profile analysis of college students' alcohol and cannabis co-use patterns after recreational cannabis legalization.

Objective: Evidence is mixed on how young adults' cannabis and alcohol use and co-use patterns have changed following recreational cannabis legalization (RCL). Incorporating measures of frequency and intensity of use we examined changes in college students' use and co-use patterns following RCL.

Method: Four-year college students (n = 845,589) ages 18-24 years participated in the National College Health Assessment between 2008 and 2018, including students from 7 states that enacted RCL and 42 that did not.

Consensus Building to Inform Common Evaluation Metrics for the Comprehensive Partnerships to Advance Cancer Health Equity (CPACHE) Program.

Common measures facilitate the standardization of assessment practices. These types of measures are needed to develop instruments that can be used to assess the overall effectiveness of the U54 Comprehensive Partnerships to Advance Cancer Health Equity (CPACHE) funding mechanism. Developing common measures requires a multi-phase process.

Pilot Intervention Enhances Preschoolers' Self-Regulation and Food Liking.

Objective: The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a 5-week intervention that targeted self-regulation and healthy food liking through mindfulness and classroom-based games with exposure to fruits and vegetables.

Methods: Children (mean age, 3.6 ± 0.

The NCI Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities: Moving Forward to Eliminate Cancer Health Disparities and Diversify the Cancer Biomedical Workforce.

The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities (CRCHD) was established in 2001 with the purpose of confronting and eliminating cancer health disparities, while increasing workforce diversity in cancer research. Over the last two decades, CRCHD has generated a broad range of research, training, and community outreach activities to address these overarching goals through a variety of programs including the Continuing Umbrella of Research Experiences (CURE), Partnerships to Advance Cancer Health Equity (PACHE), Special Populations Networks (SPN), Community Networks Program (CNP), CNP Centers (CNPC), and Patient Navigation Research Program (PNRP). CRCHD, through its CURE and now its Intramural CURE (iCURE) programs, has been fully dedicated to training the next generation of competitive researchers from backgrounds typically underrepresented in the cancer and cancer health disparities research fields.

Screen to Save: Results from NCI's Colorectal Cancer Outreach and Screening Initiative to Promote Awareness and Knowledge of Colorectal Cancer in Racial/Ethnic and Rural Populations.

Background: The Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities (CRCHD), NCI, implemented Screen to Save, NCI's Colorectal Cancer Outreach and Screening Initiative to promote awareness and knowledge of colorectal cancer in racial/ethnic and rural populations.

Methods: The initiative was implemented through CRCHD's National Outreach Network (NON). NON is a national network of Community Health Educators (CHE), aligned with NCI-designated Cancer Centers across the nation.

Carnitine Profile Changes in Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: New Role for Carnitine?

Carnitine is an essential cofactor for mitochondrial import and oxidation of fatty acids. High-dose chemotherapy and radiation, often required for hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT), leads to tissue damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and alterations in carnitine metabolism. The aim of this pilot cohort study was to describe plasma and urinary carnitine profiles during pediatric HSCT and their relationships with clinical outcomes.

Associations between participation in a Physical Activity-Based Positive Youth Development Program and Academic Outcomes.

Introduction: Physical activity-based positive youth development (PYD) programs offer asset building experiences to foster the overall well-being of youth. These programs have the potential to enhance success in other important contexts for children, such as school. However, rigorous examination of this potential impact is needed.

Formative Evaluation of a Pilot Afterschool Physical Activity-Based Positive Youth Development Program.

4-H PALS is an afterschool positive youth development program for pre- and early adolescents delivered within the 4-H platform and designed to use physical activity to promote character development. The conceptual framework for this program, informed by the theory of triadic influence, prioritizes the social environment created during physical activities to promote adaptive outcomes. Given the novelty of the 4-H PALS curriculum, it is important to outline program components and identify both strengths and challenges to be addressed.

Identification of ABC transporters acting in vitamin B metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Vitamin B (cobalamin, Cbl) is a micronutrient essential to human health. Cbl is not utilized as is but must go through complex subcellular and metabolic processing to generate two cofactor forms: methyl-Cbl for methionine synthase, a cytosolic enzyme; and adenosyl-Cbl for methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, a mitochondrial enzyme. Some 10-12 human genes have been identified responsible for the intracellular conversion of Cbl to cofactor forms, including genes that code for ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters acting at the lysosomal and plasma membranes.

What Makes Patient Navigation Most Effective: Defining Useful Tasks and Networks.

Given the momentum in adopting patient navigation into cancer care, there is a need to understand the contribution of specific navigator activities to improved clinical outcomes. A mixed-methods study combined direct observations of patient navigators within the Patient Navigation Research Program and outcome data from the trial. We correlated the frequency of navigator tasks with the outcome of rate of diagnostic resolution within 365 days among patients who received the intervention relative to controls.

Synthesis and activity of nucleoside-based antiprotozoan compounds.

Parasitic protozoa employ a salvage pathway to synthesize purines and generate essential active nucleotides, whereas mammals are capable of their de novo biosynthesis. This difference provides opportunity for the design of potential new antiprotozoan compounds. A series of 47 adenosine analogues was prepared with modifications at the 2-, 6- and 5'-positions, based on the hypothesis that such compounds would serve as substrates for protozoan nucleoside salvage enzymes, while remaining refractory in mammalian cells.

Relation of comorbidities and patient navigation with the time to diagnostic resolution after abnormal cancer screening.

Background: Whether patient navigation improves outcomes for patients with comorbidities is unknown. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of comorbidities on the time to diagnostic resolution after an abnormal cancer screening test and to examine whether patient navigation improves the timeliness and likelihood of diagnostic resolution for patients with comorbidities in comparison with no navigation.

Methods: A secondary analysis of comorbidity data collected by Patient Navigation Research Program sites using the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was conducted.

The impact of patient navigation on the delivery of diagnostic breast cancer care in the National Patient Navigation Research Program: a prospective meta-analysis.

Patient navigation is emerging as a standard in breast cancer care delivery, yet multi-site data on the impact of navigation at reducing delays along the continuum of care are lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of navigation on reaching diagnostic resolution at specific time points after an abnormal breast cancer screening test among a national sample. A prospective meta-analysis estimated the adjusted odds of achieving timely diagnostic resolution at 60, 180, and 365 days.

Racial and ethnic differences in patient navigation: Results from the Patient Navigation Research Program.

Background: Patient navigation was developed to address barriers to timely care and reduce cancer disparities. The current study explored navigation and racial and ethnic differences in time to the diagnostic resolution of a cancer screening abnormality.

Methods: The authors conducted an analysis of the multisite Patient Navigation Research Program.

Novel nucleoside-based antimalarial compounds.

The malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum employs a salvage pathway for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, in contrast to de novo biosynthesis that is utilized by the human host. A series of twenty-two 2-, 6- and 5'-modified adenosine ribonucleosides was synthesized, with the expectation that these compounds would generate toxic metabolites instead of active nucleotides by the pathogen, while remaining inert in host cells. Bioassays with P.

Satisfaction with cancer care among underserved racial-ethnic minorities and lower-income patients receiving patient navigation.

Background: Patient navigation is a barrier-focused program of care coordination designed to achieve timely and high-quality cancer-related care for medically underserved racial-ethnic minorities and the poor. However, to the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have examined the relationship between satisfaction with navigators and cancer-related care.

Methods: The authors included data from 1345 patients with abnormal cancer screening tests or a definitive cancer diagnosis who participated in the Patient Navigation Research Program to test the efficacy of patient navigation.

Barriers to health care contribute to delays in follow-up among women with abnormal cancer screening: Data from the Patient Navigation Research Program.

Background: There is limited understanding of the association between barriers to care and clinical outcomes within patient navigation programs.

Methods: Secondary analyses of data from the intervention arms of the Patient Navigation Research Program were performed, which included navigated participants with abnormal breast and cervical cancer screening tests from 2007 to 2010. Independent variables were: 1) the number of unique barriers to care (0, 1, 2, or ≥3) documented during patient navigation encounters; and 2) the presence of socio-legal barriers originating from social policy (yes/no).

Impact of patient navigation in eliminating economic disparities in cancer care.

Background: Patient navigation may reduce cancer disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES) and household factors. This study examined whether these factors were associated with delays in diagnostic resolution among patients with cancer screening abnormalities and whether patient navigation ameliorated these delays.

Methods: This study analyzed data from 5 of 10 centers of the National Cancer Institute's Patient Navigation Research Program, which collected SES and household data on employment, income, education, housing, marital status, and household composition.

Sex differences in the kinetic profiles of d- and l- methylphenidate in the brains of adult rats.

Objective: Methylphenidate is commonly used in the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and narcolepsy. Methylphenidate is administered as a racemic mixture of the d- and l- threo enantiomers; however, the d-enantiomer is primarily responsible for the pharmacologic activity. Previous studies of the behavioral effects of methylphenidate have highlighted sex differences in the responsiveness to the drug, namely an increased sensitivity of females to its stimulatory effects.

Clinical performance and safety of adapters for intradermal delivery with conventional and autodisable syringes.

Although the number of vaccines and diagnostic tests currently delivered intradermally is limited, this route of administration offers potential advantages due to the high concentration of antigen-presenting cells in the skin. One factor which may in part be limiting development and use of intradermal (ID) administration is concern about the ease and reliability of the needle and syringe-based Mantoux technique. A phase I clinical study was conducted to evaluate two ID adapters that have been developed as injection-delivery aids to increase the safety, simplicity, and reliability of ID injection: a prototype autodisable, intradermal (ADID) adapter for autodisable (AD) syringes, and a marketed side-merge adapter (SMA).

Impact of patient navigation on timely cancer care: the Patient Navigation Research Program.

Background: Patient navigation is a promising intervention to address cancer disparities but requires a multisite controlled trial to assess its effectiveness.

Methods: The Patient Navigation Research Program compared patient navigation with usual care on time to diagnosis or treatment for participants with breast, cervical, colorectal, or prostate screening abnormalities and/or cancers between 2007 and 2010. Patient navigators developed individualized strategies to address barriers to care, with the focus on preventing delays in care.

Children exposed to the arrest of a family member: Associations with mental health.

The arrest of a parent or other family member can be detrimental to children's health. To study the impact of exposure to the arrest of a family member on children's mental health and how said association may change across developmental periods, we examined baseline data for children (birth through 11 years) entering family-based systems of care (SOC). Children exposed to the arrest of a family member had experienced significantly more 5.

SOCIO-EMOTIONAL AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT: A Theoretical Orientation.

More and more researchers are studying socio-emotional and character development (SECD). The rise and progress in SECD research is encouraging, but there is a critical issue with such a multidisciplinary and fast-developing field: SECD research and evaluation can be more consistent to prevent heterogeneity in definitions and disparate theoretical, measurement, and program models. After summarizing SECD-related literature, I recommend the theory of triadic influence (TTI) as a force to generate consistency and a resource to assist in guiding the design and evaluation of SECD-related programs.

The effect of cognitive load on decision making with graphically displayed uncertainty information.

An experiment examined the ability of five graphical displays to communicate uncertainty information when end users were under cognitive load (i.e., remembering an eight-digit number).