Effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT-2 inhibitors and sulphonylureas on mortality, cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analyses-driven approach.

Aims: The aim of our meta-analyses was to compare the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on mortality, cardiovascular and renal endpoints for a range of type 2 diabetes (T2D) subgroups defined by their specific cardiovascular risk profile.

Methods: Meta-analyses comparing drugs within the classes of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2 inhibitors were performed and compared to sulphonylureas and DPP-4 inhibitors with available cardiovascular outcome trials. The comparison between the different classes of glucose-lowering drugs included analyses of T2D populations with low risk and high risk for cardiovascular disease including populations with established cardiovascular disease and/or kidney disease.

Glucometabolic changes influence hospitalization and outcome in patients with COVID-19: An observational cohort study.

Aims: The aim was to report the prevalence of diabetes status in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and assess the association between the glucometabolic status at admission and 90-day mortality.

Methods: Consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were included in the study. All participants included had an HbA measurement 60 days prior to or within 7 days after admission.

Prediabetes Defined by First Measured HbA Predicts Higher Cardiovascular Risk Compared With HbA in the Diabetes Range: A Cohort Study of Nationwide Registries.

Objective: To assess the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), all-cause mortality, and initiation of medical treatment in subjects with prediabetes according to first-time measured HbA.

Research Design And Methods: Through registry databases, we identified 326,305 Danish patients with a first HbA between 40 and 51 mmol/mol (5.8-6.

Study rationale and design of the EANITIATE study (EmpAgliflozin compared to NPH Insulin for sTeroId diAbeTEs) - a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial of safety and efficacy of treatment with empagliflozin compared with NPH-insulin in patients with newly onset diabetes following initiation of glucocorticoid treatment.

Background: A well-known metabolic side effect from treatment with glucocorticoids is glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus (GIDM). Guidelines on the management of GIDM in hospitalized patients (in the non-critical care setting), recommend initiation of insulin therapy. The scientific basis and evidence for superiority of insulin therapy over other glucose lowering therapies is however poor and associated with episodes of both hypo- and hyperglycaemia.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition therapy compared with dietary advice in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Despite recommendations, many patients with type 2 diabetes receive dietary advice from nurses or doctors instead of individualized nutrition therapy (INT) that is provided by a dietitian. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the effect of INT that is provided by a registered dietitian with the effect of dietary advice that is provided by other healthcare professionals. A systematic review was conducted of Cochrane library databases, EMBASE, CINAHL, and MEDLINE in the period 2004-2017 for guidelines, reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the outcomes glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, body mass index (BMI; in kg/m), and LDL cholesterol.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Nutrition therapy is an integral part of self-management education in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carbohydrates with a low glycemic index are recommended, but the ideal amount of carbohydrate in the diet is unclear. We performed a meta-analysis comparing diets containing low to moderate amounts of carbohydrate (LCD) (energy percentage below 45%) to diets containing high amounts of carbohydrate (HCD) in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of biphasic, basal-bolus or basal insulin analogue treatments on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the randomised Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial.

Objective: To assess the effect of 3 insulin analogue regimens on change in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design And Setting: Investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with a 2 × 3 factorial design, conducted at 8 hospitals in Denmark.

Participants And Interventions: Participants with type 2 diabetes (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.

Metformin versus placebo in combination with insulin analogues in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus-the randomised, blinded Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy (CIMT) trial.

Objective: To assess the effect of metformin versus placebo both in combination with insulin analogue treatment on changes in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design And Setting: Investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with a 2 × 3 factorial design conducted at eight hospitals in Denmark.

Participants And Interventions: 412 participants with type 2 diabetes (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 7.

Severe hypoglycaemia during treatment with sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes in the Capital Region of Denmark.

Aims: Sulphonylureas (SU) are currently recommended as a well-established second line treatment in guidelines for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In the Capital Region of Denmark 16,865 patients were given SU as part of their treatment of T2DM in 2010-2011. To what extent SU are associated with hospitalizations due to severe hypoglycaemic episodes, defined as episodes with a need for external assistance, was investigated.

Trends in leisure time physical activity, smoking, body mass index and alcohol consumption in Danish adults with and without diabetes: a repeat cross-sectional national survey covering the years 2000 to 2010.

Aims: In recent decades there has been an increased focus on non-pharmacological treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in leisure time physical activity (PA), smoking, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol consumption reported in 2000, 2005 and 2010 by Danish subjects with diabetes.

Methods: Data comprised level of leisure time PA (inactive; moderate active; medium active; high active); smoking; BMI; and alcohol consumption, provided by The Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys.

Heat-washout - an objective method for diagnosing neuropathy and atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.

Background: The heat-washout method is an objective method that measures cutaneous blood flow rate (BFR) in ml (100 g. min)(-1), previously found useful for measuring toe BFR in non-diabetic patients with claudication.

Aim: The method is used for evaluating the presence of a veno-arteriolar reflex (VAR) in the forefoot and signs of atherosclerosis in the first toe in type 2 diabetics.

[Organization of treatment and control of type 2 diabetic patients].

The organization of treatment and control of type 2 diabetic patients in Denmark has undergone a major development within the last decade. From being based on local hospital guidelines, treatment and control have moved towards a more organized collaboration between primary and secondary care based on common national guidelines. Quality indicators from primary and secondary care are collected routinely, and gradually an increasingly precise depiction is documented in the National Indicator Project.

Musculoskeletal pain in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Aims: The aims were to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in patients with type 2 diabetes and demonstrate possible associated factors.

Methods: Nine hundred fifty-one patients completed a validated questionnaire used in The Danish Health and Morbidity Survey and results were compared to data for 2923 matched subjects from the Danish population. Musculoskeletal pain was self-reported Pain in the shoulder and neck; Low-back pain; and Pain in the arm, hand, knee and/or hip.

The effects and costs of a group-based education programme for self-management of patients with Type 2 diabetes. A community-based study.

The worldwide epidemic of Type 2 diabetes necessitates evidence-based self-management education programmes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and costs of an empowerment-based structured diabetes self-management education programme in an unselected group of patients with Type 2 diabetes. Seven hundred and two patients undergoing treatment by general practitioners (GPs) were included.

Study rationale and design of the CIMT trial: the Copenhagen Insulin and Metformin Therapy trial.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) have an increased mortality rate primarily because of macrovascular disease. Where T2DM patients cannot be managed sufficiently through diet, exercise and peroral antidiabetic drugs, that is when haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is above 7.0%, it is yet unknown whether a combination of metformin and insulin analogues is superior to insulin analogues alone.

Hyperinsulinaemia is associated with increased long-term mortality following acute myocardial infarction in non-diabetic patients.

Aims: To study the impact of disturbances in glucose metabolism on total mortality in non-diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Methods And Results: Four hundred and ninety four patients with a verified myocardial infarction and no history of diabetes were studied. The study population comprised a subgroup of patients screened for participation in the Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) study.

[Treatment of diabetic patients with ischaemic heart disease].

Patients with diabetes constitute a large group among patients with ischaemic heart disease, and their risk of repeated cardiovascular events is large. Due to this, there is increasing focus on intervention against the increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Subgroup analyses of patients with diabetes from studies on patients with ischaemic heart disease show that intervention with thrombolysis, aspirin, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors and statins have similar relative benefit among patients with diabetes, but because of the greater risk in these patients, the absolute benefit is increased.

Serum levels of advanced glycation end products are associated with left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Impairment of left ventricular diastolic function, possibly caused by increased collagen cross-linking of the cardiac muscle, is common in patients with type 1 diabetes even without coronary artery disease. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) cross-link tissue collagen and are found within myocardial fibers. The aim of this study was to examine for a possible association between circulating AGEs and left ventricular cardiac function.

The effect of metformin on blood pressure and metabolism in nondiabetic hypertensive patients.

Objectives: To study the effect of metformin on blood pressure and metabolism in nondiabetic hypertensives.

Design: A six-week single-blind placebo wash-out, followed by a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group design with skew randomization (2:2:1) to metformin 850 mg b.i.

Proinsulin immunoreactivity in recent-onset IDDM: the significance of insulin antibodies and insulin autoantibodies.

Objective: To study the natural history of fasting proinsulin immunoreactivity (PIM) during the first 30 months of IDDM and its relationship to fasting C-peptide and insulin antibodies.

Research Design And Methods: An incidence cohort of 204 consecutive newly diagnosed IDDM patients were followed prospectively, having blood drawn for measurements at diagnosis and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months. A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the determination of PIM.

Creatinine height index and lean body mass in adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus followed for 7 years from onset.

The 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion value can be used as an index of protein nutrition; the creatinine height index and lean body mass can be estimated from this value. On the basis of longitudinally measured 24-hour urinary creatinine excretions during the initial 7 years of type 1 diabetes in an incidence cohort of 147 adult patients, we studied creatinine height index and lean body mass and possible relationships to sequential measurements of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The patients were divided into four groups according to their glycemic control during these 7 years: I, HbA1c < 7.

Monitoring the targets of the St Vincent Declaration and the implementation of quality management in diabetes care: the DIABCARE initiative. The DIABCARE Monitoring Group of the St Vincent Declaration Steering Committee.

The St Vincent Declaration, a joint initiative on diabetes care and research of the World Health Organization (Europe) and the International Diabetes Federation (Europe), includes 5-year targets for improvement in diabetes outcomes as a central tenet. Accordingly, the establishment of state of the art monitoring and control systems is urged as a basis for the implementation of quality management. As a prerequisite for both targets, a diabetes dataset (fields and definitions) has been agreed to allow common monitoring of diabetes throughout Europe.