Vaginal birth core information set: study protocol for a Delphi study to achieve a consensus on a 'core information set' for vaginal birth.

Introduction: Studies have shown that women are often underinformed about potential benefits and risks of vaginal birth. This is in contrast to other modes of birth, such as caesarean birth, for which the risks/benefits are often conveyed prior to undergoing the procedure. A core information set (CIS) is an agreed set of information points that should be discussed with all patients prior to undergoing a procedure or intervention.

Re-evaluation of experimental measurements for the validation of electronic band structure calculations for LiFePO and FePO.

Experimental measurements used to validate previous electronic band structure calculations for olivine LiFePO and its delithiated phase, FePO, have been re-investigated in this study. Experimental band gaps of LiFePO and FePO have been determined to be 6.34 eV and 3.

Electrochemical Tailoring of Fibrous Polyaniline and Electroless Decoration with Gold and Platinum Nanoparticles.

Presented in this work is a facile and quick electrochemical method for controlling the morphology of thick polyaniline (PANi) films, without the use of templates. By stepping the polymerization potential from high voltages to a lower (or series of lower) voltage(s), we successfully controlled the morphology of the polymer, and fibrous structures, unique to each potential step, were achieved. In addition, the resultant film was tested electrochemically for its viability as an electrode material for flexible batteries and supercapacitors.

Development of a niobium-doped titania inert anode for titanium electrowinning in molten chloride salts.

The direct electrochemical reduction of solid titanium dioxide in a chloride melt is an attractive method for the production of titanium metal. It has been estimated that this type of electrolytic approach may reduce the costs of producing titanium sponge by more than half, with the additional benefit of a smaller environmental footprint. The process utilises a consumable carbon anode which releases a mixture of CO2 and CO gas during electrolysis, but suffers from low current efficiency due to the occurrence of parasitic side reactions involving carbon.

High-throughput approach for the identification of anilinium-based ionic liquids that are suitable for electropolymerisation.

We report the synthesis of new protic ionic liquids (PILs) based on aniline derivatives and the use of high-throughput (HT) techniques to screen possible candidates. In this work, a simple HT method was applied to rapidly screen different aniline derivatives against different acids in order to identify possible combinations that produce PILs. This was followed by repeating the HT process with a Chemspeed robotic synthesis platform for more accurate results.

A furnace and environmental cell for the in situ investigation of molten salt electrolysis using high-energy X-ray diffraction.

This paper describes the design, construction and implementation of a relatively large controlled-atmosphere cell and furnace arrangement. The purpose of this equipment is to facilitate the in situ characterization of materials used in molten salt electrowinning cells, using high-energy X-ray scattering techniques such as synchrotron-based energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction. The applicability of this equipment is demonstrated by quantitative measurements of the phase composition of a model inert anode material, which were taken during an in situ study of an operational Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge electrowinning cell, featuring molten CaCl(2) as the electrolyte.

Carbon nanotube stabilised emulsions for electrochemical synthesis of porous nanocomposite coatings of poly[3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene].

The amphiphobic nature of carbon nanotubes allows them to stabilise droplets of water-insoluble monomers dispersed in the aqueous nanotube suspension, leading to a flexible route to electrochemical synthesis of useful nanoporous composites of nanotube doped conducting polymers, and potentially to other chemistry involving reactants incompatible in the same medium.

Use of the ferrocene oxidation process to provide both reference electrode potential calibration and a simple measurement (via semiintegration) of the uncompensated resistance in cyclic voltammetric studies in high-resistance organic solvents.

Because of its presumed ideal reversible behavior, the oxidation of ferrocene is widely used in cyclic voltammetric studies in highly resistive organic solvents as a means of reference electrode potential calibration. In this study, it is shown that a good estimate of the uncompensated resistance value, needed for reference potential correction and also frequently an input parameter in simulation of the theory, can be obtained simultaneously with the ferrocene reference potential measurement using a simple analysis based on the semiintegral. Application to cyclic voltammetric oxidation of ferrocene in dichloromethane (0.

Long-term results of the Chrisman-Snook operation for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle.

The Chrisman-Snook procedure for instability of the lateral ankle ligaments, first described in 1969, reconstructs the anterior talofibular ligament and the calcaneofibular ligament using one-half of the peroneus brevis tendon, routed through tunnels in the fibula and calcaneus. In the present long-term evaluation of the results of this procedure, forty-eight of sixty ankles, in fifty-seven patients, were assessed after a mean follow-up of ten years (range, four to twenty-four years). The results were excellent in thirty-eight ankles, good in seven, fair in two, and poor in one.

A review of women's collegiate gymnastics.

A brief review of the injuries in women's collegiate gymnastics is presented, together with a brief analysis of the mechanisms of injury and relative frequency thereof in the different events.

Quantification of the permeability of the blood-CSF barrier to alpha-MSH in the rat.

The ability of alpha-MSH to cross the blood-CSF barrier of the rat was assessed by measurement of the rate of appearance of immunoreactive alpha-MSH in a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) perfusate following intravenous injection of peptide. Comparisons were made with the rate of appearance of a simultaneously administered dose of 14C-inulin which is poorly permeable at the blood-CSF barrier. Concentrations of drugs measured in plasma were fitted to two-compartment pharmacokinetic models, and those measured in the CSF perfusate to one-compartment open systems receiving an input from the plasma compartment.

The history of sports medicine. Part I.

It is clear that sports medicine is a very old and honorable medical specialty from the early Hindu and Chinese writings through the age of Hippocrates and Galen. From the contributions of Avicenna and Paré to Hitchcock and physicians of our own time, the specialist in sports medicine has played an important role in the development of medical techniques to promote health and fitness and to ensure the safety and well-being of everyone who participates in athletic competition.

A short history of the anterior cruciate ligament and the treatment of tears.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was first described by Galen (circa 170 A.D.).

Injuries in intercollegiate wrestling. A 5-year study.

A 5-year study of the injuries sustained by a single intercollegiate wrestling team is presented. The total number of injuries, a description of the injuries classified according to anatomical distribution, and mechanism of injury are given. A high incidence of upper body injuries is noted, and comments are made concerning protective measures that can be taken.

Thromboembolism after surgical treatment of hip fractures.

Seventy-five patients ages 40 to 95 (average, 78), 60 of whom were women and 15 men, were admitted with upper femoral fractures and participated in a study designed to evaluate the possible prophylactic effects of platelet-inhibiting drugs on the incidence of thromboembolism. Aspirin, 600 mg, b.i.

A long-term prospective study of the Hauser and Roux-Goldthwait procedures for recurrent patellar dislocation.

In a prospective study extending from 1966 to 1974, the results of the Hauser procedure were compared with the Roux-Goldthwait procedure for the correction of recurrent dislocations of the patella. In 87 knees in 75 patients, repaired consecutively and in a random manner with one procedure or the other, 100% retrieval was achieved. The average follow-up period was 7.

Injuries in women's gymnastics. A 5-year study.

In this 5-year study of women gymnasts, 70 participants (i.e., one woman for one season) sustained 66 major injuries (i.

The father of sports medicine (Galen).

Although there were many physicians who treated athletes before Galen, I believe that he was the first to devote a major portion of his time to this field of endeavor. Furthermore, his systematic observations, his aggressive pursuit of newer and better ways of treatment, his teaching, and his publishing of his observations make him a kindred soul to the team physician and practitioners of sports medicine of today. It is for these reasons that I believe that he can justly be called the "Father of Sports Medicine.

Prevention of venous thromboembolism by administration of hydroxychloroquine. A preliminary report.

A placebo or the antimalarial agent hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), which inhibits platelet adhesiveness, and, to a lesser extent, platelet aggregation, was given to 100 patients between forty and ninety-five years old (average age, seventy-four years) who had either fractures or orthopaedic operations involving the skeleton between the knee and the pelvis. Medication was started at the time of admission in a blind, randomized way, fifty patients receiving hydroxychloroquine (200 milligrams three times a day) and fifty, a placebo. No untoward bleeding complications were noted in the treated group.

GLC and NMR analysis of isomeric impurities in the new anti-inflammatory agent benoxaprofen.

GLC and NMR methods are described for the determination of four possible isomeric impurities in the novel anti-inflammatory agent benoxaprofen. The 2- and 3-chlorophenyl isomers were determined by GLC after alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent methylation. A rapid NMR procedure, using the lanthanide shift reagent tris- (1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3-heptafluoro- 7, 7-dimethyl- 4, 6-octanedionato)-europium, was developed for the 6- and 7- (alpha-methylacetic acid) isomers.

The injury problem in wrestling.

This paper presents an over-all view of the injuries associated with intercollegiate and interscholastic wrestling as conducted in the United States. It classifies injuries according to the mechanism of injury in wrestling and analyzes these mechanisms together with recommendations for treatment and prevention of these conditions.

Intermittent claudication in athletes.

All reported cases have occurred in the anterior tibial or rarely peroneal compartments. Case I and V in this series follow this same pattern. Case II and III are unusual in that they are the first recorded cases of this syndrome occuring in the calf of a leg.