Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae as a Basis of Modern Biotechnologies for Creating Wound Dressings: Current Achievements and Future Prospects.

Wound healing involves a complex cascade of cellular, molecular, and biochemical responses and signaling processes. It consists of successive interrelated phases, the duration of which depends on a multitude of factors. Wound treatment is a major healthcare issue that can be resolved by the development of effective and affordable wound dressings based on natural materials and biologically active substances.

Immunoadjuvant Activity of Fucoidans from the Brown Alga .

Thе study presents the results of a comparative evaluation of the effect of structural modifications of fucoidans from the brown alga Fucus evanescens (native, highly purified рroduct of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis, a new regular 1→3;1→4-α-L-fucan, sulphated mainly at C2 and acetylated at C4 of the fucose residue) on the effector functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells in vitro and in vivo. Using flow cytometry, we found that all examined fucoidans induce the maturation of dendritic cells, enhance the ability of neutrophils to migrate and adhere, activate monocytes and enhance their antigen-presenting functions, and increase the cytotoxic potential of natural killers. Fucoidans increase the production of hepatitis B virus (HBs) specific IgG and cytokine Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4) profiles in vivo.

Marine Algae Metabolites as Promising Therapeutics for the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS.

This review presents an analysis of works devoted to the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity of algae metabolites-sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidans, carrageenans), lectins, laminarans, and polyphenols. Despite the presence of a significant number of antiretroviral drugs, the development of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents against this infection remains very urgent problem. This is due to the variability of HIV, the absence of an animal model (except monkeys) and natural immunity to this virus and the toxicity of therapeutic agents and their high cost.

Biocompatibility of Modified Osteoinductive Calcium-Phosphate Coatings of Metal Implants.

The cellular and molecular aspects of immunological compatibility of modified osteoinductive calcium-phosphate coatings formed on technically pure titanium VT1-0 by the plasma electrolytic oxidation technology are studied. The technique of coating modified the process of human peripheral blood leukocyte activation in vitro. The most pronounced functional changes were observed in neutrophil population during whole blood contact with titanium sample without coating and with coating formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on titanium alloy.

[Modification of Levels of Adhesion Molecule Expression of Human Innate Immune Cells by Glycopolymers of Marine Bacteria].

By flow cytometry it was demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide and exopolysaccharide of marine proteobacteria Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens alter the expression of adhesion molecules on human neutrophils and monocytes, reducing the expression level of molecules CD62L and increasing the expression of CD11b, CD11c and CD54.

[Effect of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Alga Fucus evanescens and Their Enzymatic Transformation Product on Functional Activity of Innate Immunity Cells.].

The effect of sulfated polysaccharides (PS) from brown alga Fucus evanescens and their enzymatic transformation and low molecular weight product on the functional activity of the innate immunity cells, i.e. polymorphonuclear leukocytes of human peripheral blood (NF) was comparatively studied.

Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Between Human Immune Cells and Far Eastern Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Strains.

Although studies have established that immune mechanisms are important in controlling tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection, the interactions of different TBEV strains with cells of innate and adaptive immunity are not well understood. In this study, the ability of two Far Eastern subtype TBEV strains (Dal'negorsk and Primorye-183) with various degrees of pathogenicity for humans to modulate the expression of membrane molecules differently on human immune cells were investigated using a whole-blood flow cytometry-based assay. The whole-blood samples (from 10 healthy donors) were infected with TBEV strains and analyzed for the virus binding to the blood cells, as well as expression of adhesion (CD11b and ICAM-1) and activation (CD69, CD25, CD95) molecules on the surfaces of monocytes, granulocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and T-lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+) at selected times (3, 6, and 24 h post-infection).

[Comparative study of immunomodulatory activity of peptides, tinrostim and thymalin].

The immunomodulatory activity of peptide drugs i.e. tinrostim (dosage form) prepared of squid optical ganglia and pharmacopoeia thymain was studied.

[Features of human cortical pyramidal neurons development during second gestational trimester].

Prenatal ontogeny of human neocortex have distinctive features that make it unique. Experimental data obtained on animal models could not be easily extrapolated on human corticogenesis of middle and late gestational period. Our research was aimed at features of human cortical pyramidal neurons development within 16-26 gestational weeks.

[Prenatal ontogenesis of the human brain cortex temporal area].

Prenatal ontogenesis of temporal areas of the human cortex was studied. In the fetal cortex at the gestational age of 16-18 weeks three zones can be distinguished: marginal zone (eI layer), cortex plate and subplate. At 20-26 weeks cortex plate is divided into following layers: eII, eIII, eIV, eV and eVI, with "efferent" complex of layers being wider than "associative" one.

[Prospects for using combined three-dimensional injection of gel transplants with autologous and allogenic cell cultures in reproductive medicine].

A combined cellular transplant for injection has been designed, by using lowly differentiated stromal fat tissue cells obtained from Wistar rats and it preserved biological and physical properties after passing through a small-diameter injection needle (an insulin syringe). A morphological study of the results of its transplantation into paraurethral tissues in 28 female rats showed that the transplant cells, autologous ones in particular, activated the proliferation of local connective tissue cell populations and retained their viability and proliferative and synthetic activities up 20 days or more. At the end of the experiment (on days 27-35), marked focal connective tissue enlargement at the site of injection of both allo- and autografts results in the narrowing of the urethral lumen.

[Inhibition of prokaryote and eukaryote cells adhesion by sea proteobacteria Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens KMM 156 lipopolysaccharide and its fragments].

The impact of Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens KMM 156 lipopolysaccharide and its fragments on adhesion of prokaryote and eukaryote cells was studied. The lipopolysaccharide and O-specific polysaccharide identical by its structure to capsular polysaccharide lowered the number of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis bacteria attached to sheep erythrocytes and adhesion of mouse neutrophils to plastic. The kora oligosaccharide had no effect on the processes.

Modification of biological activity of lipopolysaccharide in the complex with chitosan.

In the complex with chitosan, lipopolysaccharide partially lost its ability to induce lymphokines tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-8, but retained immunostimulating properties and increased phagocytic function of macrophages by improving digestion of bacteria.

[Antidiabetic and anticoagulant properties of the heparin-glutamic acid complex].

Natural heparin complexes proved to activate the anticoagulation system. The obtained experimental data convincingly confirm that glutamic acid alone, and particularly in a complex with heparin, has a considerable preventive potential and efficiently protects experimental animals with induced diabetes mellitus.

[Immunotropic properties of exoglycan obtained from the marine micro-organism Vibrio alginolyticus].

Immune system modulating activity of exoglycane isolated from culture media of Vibrio alginolyticus (strain 945-80) was investigated. The substance demonstrated stimulating activity on the humoral and cell immune system, potentiated phagocyte activity of macrophage and neutrophils, increased survival index of the animals infected by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

[Immunotropic activity of panaxans--bioglycans isolated from ginseng].

Immunomodulating activity of panaxanes--polysaccharides isolated from the roots and culture of Panax ginseng was studied. Effects of both preparations were analogous. Profilaxy use of panaxanes provided increased resistance to coli-sepsis in mice, increased neutrophiles and macrophages phagocytosis, stimulated humoral and cell immune factors and induced important regulating cytokins--interferone gamma and tumor necrosis factor.

[The effect of influenza virus hemagglutinin on erythrocytes and thrombocytes].

We studied the effect of influenza virus hemagglutinin on the volume of erythrocytes and aggregation activity of thrombocytes. Hemagglutinin proved to increase the erythrocyte volume, which ends in their lysis, and to induce disaggregation of the thrombocytes. The effect of hemagglutinin on the erythrocytes and thrombocytes was dose-dependent.

[Interferon-inducing action of polysaccharide-containing biopolymers from ginseng root and cell culture].

Induction of interferon (IF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) under the action of two polysaccharide preparations of ginseng i.e. panaxan-1 (from ginseng root) and panaxan-2 (from ginseng cell culture) was studied.

[Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects of proline-containing peptides].

Anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, and fibrin-depolymerization effects were revealed during in vitro study of five proline-containing peptides (Gly-Pro, Trp-Pro, Pro-Gly, Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly, and Pro-Gly-Pro) in the concentration range 10(-9) to 10(-1) mg/ml. Intravenous injection of Trp-Pro and Pro-Gly into white rats at 250 micrograms/kg body weight significantly increased recalcification time and activated partial thromboplastin time of serum coagulation, increased fibrinolytic activity, decreased the level of serum factor XIII/(/)a and fibrinogen, and reduced thrombocyte aggregation. We propose inhibition of thromboplastin and thrombin formation in the serum by the studied proline-containing peptides both in vitro and in vivo.

[Various aspects of the effect of heparin-serotonin complex on blood and blood flow].

High-molecular heparin-serotonin complex (3:1 weight ratio) was obtained in vitro. The complex, its components, and heparin-serotonin mixture were introduced intraperitoneally in rats, and the resulting effects were registered 10, 30, and 60 min later. The complex had anticoagulant and lytic activities distinct from those of plasmin.

[The nature of an anticoagulant isolated from peonies in the central zone of Russia].

The nature of the anticoagulant isolated from the Chinese peony roots has been determined. Physicochemical analysis (infrared and mass spectroscopy, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) demonstrated the presence of a glycopeptide in Paeonia suffraticosae roots. This glycopeptide shares a structural similarity with heparin.

[Therapeutic-prophylactic milk products with a new immunocorrector of natural origin].

Authors had received and investigated on experiment milk medical and prophylactic products (milk and kefir) with addition peptide, obtained from nervous tissue of squids. It has been established that addition of gangliin to the milk and kefir causes stimulation cellular and humoral factors of immunity answer at laboratory animals. Medical and prophylactic milk products with gangliin return to the normal state reduced immunity indexes of the mice with experimental immunodeficits.

[The role of influenza virus hemagglutinin in blood anticoagulation processes].

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) possesses anticoagulant and fubrinolytic activities and affects such blood clotting factors as fibrinogen and factor XIII in vitro and in vivo. Computer analysis of HA structure of avian, animal, and human type 1 influenza viruses showed 1 or 2 sites of amino acid sequences similar to plasminogen activator. These sites proved to be highly conservative for each virus subtype, irrespective of the source and year of isolation of the strain.