Study of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Carcinoma and Their Association With Pathological and Prognostic Factors and Pathological Tumor-Node-Metastasis (pTNM) Staging.

Objectives: Breast carcinoma is the second most frequent type of cancer globally, with an estimated 2.08 million new carcinoma cases identified in 2018. Breast cancer prognosis is influenced by a number of variables, including the patient's age, morphological variant, stromal inflammatory reaction, elastotic, fibrotic focus, lymphovascular emboli, recurrence of tumor, etc.

Study of tumor budding and its association with clinicopathological parameters in breast carcinoma.

Objective: Tumor budding is a phenomenon in which the tumor cells detach from the main mass and are present at the invasive front. The present study was conducted to study tumor budding in invasive breast carcinoma and to correlate it with clinicopathological parameters and molecular subtypes.

Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 1 year, and tumor budding was studied as a single or group of cells at the invasive front of breast carcinoma counted in a high-power field (40×).

Implications of Corona Virus Disease-19 pandemic on cytopathology laboratory-Challenges and solutions in resource-limited settings.

Background: Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) disease which is still showing peaks and plateau with emerging new mutational viral variants has led to the modification of working of hospitals and medical institutes. Cytopathology laboratories geared up with the changing situation to cope up with not only the COVID-19 patients but also patients of other diseases, particularly oncology patients. It was also important to adopt changes in the cytopathology residency program so as to cope up with the changing scenario.

A controversial ER negative PR positive molecular subtype of breast carcinoma-Report of two cases.

ER-/PR+ is a controversial subtype and is not formally recognised as molecular subtype of breast carcinoma. Few studies concluded that this subtype does not exist and is due to technical errors, however, in contrast others consider it to be distinct entity with different response to therapy and clinical outcome. It is also essential to know whether this subtype shows any distinct histomorphological features or prognosis.

Expression of PD-L1 in Lung Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Histopathological Grade, Stage, and Survival of Patients.

 PD-L1, a 40 kDa type 1 transmembrane protein, suppresses the adaptive arm of the immune system. The interaction of PD-1 with the ligand PD-L1 inhibits cytokine production and plays a role in the progression of lung cancer. The present study was performed to observe the expression of PD-L1 in lung carcinoma patients and its correlation with histopathological grade, stage, and survival of patients.

Study of PD-L1 Expression with Association of Pathological Factors and Molecular Subtypes in Breast Carcinoma.

 Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), expressed on cancer cells, shows varied results in the prognosis of breast cancer. This study was conducted to study the expression of PD-L1 in breast carcinoma and to correlate it with pathological, molecular classification and prognostic factors.  PD-L1 expression was correlated with tumor size, histopathological grade, necrosis, lymphovascular, perineurial invasion, lymph node metastasis, molecular classification, and survival in breast carcinoma cases.

Clinical, radiological and histopathological profile of patients with endobronchial lesions on fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

Various pulmonary diseases, both benign as well as malignant, manifest in the form of endobronchial lesions on bronchoscopy. Malignancy is frequently the provisional diagnosis in the mind of a chest physician undergoing an endobronchial biopsy. Other benign diseases, however, may present similarly on bronchoscopy and computerized tomography (CT) scan.

Analytical and Post Analytical Phase of an ISO 15189:2012 Certified Cytopathology Laboratory-A Five Year Institutional Experience.

Objective: Analytical and post analytical phase are integral part of total quality management system and include steps from submission of slides till reports are dispatched. The present study was conducted to analyze the analytical and post analytical phase of the ISO15189:2012 certified cytopathology laboratory. It was also intended to study the various errors which were encountered and steps taken to reduce these discrepancies.

C5: A Step Towards Smart World with Enhanced Holistic Wellbeing.

Today our life without smart gadgets is beyond imagination. In fact, smart apps are now the inseparable part of a human life. The use of technology has provided more comfortable and easier life than ancient times, but the overuse of social media and mobile devices may lead to numerous Psychological, Physical and Psychosomatic (P3) disorders, such as eyestrain, anxiety, fatigue, and difficulty focusing on important tasks.

Expression of CD10 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and its correlation with histopathological grade, pathological stage, and survival of patients.

Background: CD10 plays a role in signal transduction pathway and regulation of cell growth apoptosis, and therefore, it has been evaluated in different malignancies. The present study was conducted to study the immunoexpression of CD10 in urothelial carcinoma and to correlate it with histological grade, pathological stage, and survival of patients.

Materials And Methods: The study included 51 cases of urothelial carcinoma diagnosed on histopathology along with 50 controls having nonneoplastic urothelium.

Isolated cerebral mucormycosis masquerading as a tumor in an immunocompetent patient.

Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal disease that commonly presents as cutaneous or rhinocerebral infections associated with immunocompromised states. It may exceptionally present as isolated involvement of the brain with a varied clinical presentation, which may be difficult to diagnose early, leading to increased mortality. Herein, we report the case of a 42-year-old immunocompetent female with left-sided limb weakness and a history of recurrent vomiting and headache for the last two years.

Cytological diagnosis of primary cutaneous histoplasmosis with hemophagocytosis in immunocompetent patient - A rare case from non endemic region.

Histoplasma capsulatum is an opportunistic dimorphic fungus caused by inhalation of spores present in the soil. It is extremely rare in the northern Himalayan region of India and is usually asymptomatic. It may rarely progress to disseminated histoplasmosis which is usually observed in immunocompromised patients associated with malignancy, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or diabetes.

Von Meyenburg complex clinically presenting as metastatic liver nodule: A rare finding in an elderly male.

Von Meyenburg complex is a benign biliary hamartoma observed in approximately 3% of the autopsies conducted. These hamartomas are small, multiple and can be seen anywhere in the liver. There is usually no abnormality in liver function tests, and the patient is mostly asymptomatic.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology of gallbladder with an attempt of cytomorphological classification.

Background: Image-guided fine-needle aspiration has emerged as an effective diagnostic tool for precise diagnosis of deep-seated lesions. Although occasional studies have made an attempt to classify the gallbladder carcinoma on cytology, literature lacks the standardized cytological nomenclature system used for it. The present study was conducted to study the role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in diagnosis of gallbladder lesions with an attempt of cytomorphological classification.

Serum Interleukin-6 is Not Linked with Sleep-Quality, Restless Legs Syndrome, and Depression, But with 6-Month Survival in Hematological Malignancies.

Background: Serum interleukin (IL)-6 has been found to be associated with sleep quality, mood, and survival in patients with solid tumors. Results in these studies were confounded by knowledge of diagnosis to study subjects. Moreover, such data among subjects with hematological malignancies and data regarding restless legs syndrome is limited.

Study of the Pre-Analytical Phase of an ISO 15189: 2012-Certified Cytopathology Laboratory: A 5-Year Institutional Experience.

Objective: Total quality management, which basically involves pre-analytical, analytical, and postanalytical phases, is relatively more difficult in cytopathology due to descriptive reports and subjective variability. The pre-analytical phase of total quality management constitutes a major burden of errors in the laboratory and it has not been widely studied in cytopathology except in cervical Pap smears. The present study was therefore conducted to study the pre-analytical phase over 5 years from April 2013 until May 2018 at an ISO 15189: 2012-certified cytopathology laboratory, in a resource-limited setting.

Expression of p16 and human papillomavirus 16 with associated risk factors in cervical premalignant and malignant lesions.

Introduction: Human papilloma virus (HPV) which is causative factor for cervical cancer may interact with p16 leading to malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells. The present study was conducted to assess the immunoexpression of p16 INK4a in premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix and to correlate it with HPV 16 expression. It was also intended to study the various risk factors which may be associated with cervical cancer in this north Himalayan region of India.

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Enriched Glass-Ionomer Restorative Cement: A Comparative Study Assessing Compressive Strength and Antibacterial Activity.

Objective: To evaluate the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO) nanoparticles and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the compressive strength and antibacterial activity of conventional glass-ionomer cement (GIC).

Study Design: TiO nanoparticles enriched GIC was prepared by adding 3% TiO nanoparticles (w/w) into the powder component of conventional GIC. CPC containing GIC was developed by incorporating 1% CPC (w/w) into conventional GIC powder.

Cytological diagnosis of osteoblastoma of the talus: Case report with unusual presentation and diagnostic pitfalls.

Osteoblastoma is a rare bone tumor mostly affecting the young adults and commonly involving the spinal cord and long bones. Talus is the uncommon site of presentation, and if involved, then the neck is more commonly involved than the body of talus. The cytological diagnosis of osteoblastoma is limited, and to the best of our knowledge, its fine-needle aspiration (FNA) in the talus has still not been reported in the literature.

Malignancy rate in thyroid nodules categorized as atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance - An institutional experience.

Introduction: Atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) of Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology has emerged as most controversial category due to its heterogeneity and inconsistent usage. Initially associated risk of malignancy was estimated to be about 5-15%, but eventually different results have been obtained across institutions due to variable follow-ups and interpretation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the rate of malignancy along with appropriate management in this category.

Changing Epidemiology: A New Focus of Kala-azar at High-Altitude Garhwal Region of North India.

Adult cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), predominantly males, have been reported in the past decade from natives of high altitude areas of North Indian state of Uttarakhand. We report 14 pediatric cases of VL, who were diagnosed and treated successfully over the past 7 years. All these children were born and brought up in this area and had never visited any of the endemic areas.

Evaluation of Platelet and Red Blood Cell Parameters with Proposal of Modified Score as Discriminating Guide for Iron Deficiency Anemia and β-Thalassemia Minor.

Introduction: Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) and β-Thalassaemia Minor (BTM) are considered to be important cause of microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Studies have evaluated various red cell parameters which are easily available on electronic cell counters for discrimination of IDA and BTM in different ethnic populations. The analysis of previously established red cell discriminative indices with new cut-off have also been done by studies which may be relevant in their set of population for differentiation.

Familial Hepatocellular Carcinoma- First Reported Case from India.

Familial clustering of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is commonly observed in various parts of the world including China and Eastern Asia where HBV is endemic while in western world, genetic factors and metabolic disorders may play an important role. In India, HCC is considered to be a rare tumour and till date no case of familial HCC has been reported here. Therefore the present case demonstrates rare occurrence of familial HCC which is being reported for the first time from India on cytology.