Effective Single Photodynamic Treatment of Onychomycosis Using a Multifunctional Porphyrin Photosensitizer and Green Light.

Onychomycosis is predominantly caused by the dermatophytes , and The main treatment obstacle concerns low nail-plate drug permeability. antifungal photodynamic treatment (PDT) and nail penetration enhancing effectiveness have been proven for multifunctional photosensitizer 5,10,15-(4--methylpyridinium)-20-(4-(butyramido-methylcysteinyl)-hydroxyphenyl)-[21,23]-porphine trichloride (PORTHE). This study investigates single PORTHE green laser/LED PDT of varying degrees of onychomycoses in a human nail model.

Detection and differentiation of causative organisms of onychomycosis in an ex vivo nail model by means of Raman spectroscopy.

Background: Onychomycosis is worldwide the most prevalent infection of the nail. It is mainly caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and to a lesser extent Trichophyton tonsurans. The yeast Candida albicans and the mould Scopulariopsis brevicaulis can also cause onychomycosis.

Photodynamic and Nail Penetration Enhancing Effects of Novel Multifunctional Photosensitizers Designed for The Treatment of Onychomycosis.

Novel multifunctional photosensitizers (MFPSs), 5,10,15-tris(4-N-methylpyridinium)-20-(4-phenylthio)-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (PORTH) and 5,10,15-tris(4-N-methylpyridinium)-20-(4-(butyramido-methylcysteinyl)-hydroxyphenyl)-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (PORTHE), derived from 5,10,15-Tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) and designed for treatment of onychomycosis were characterized and their functionality evaluated. MFPSs should function as nail penetration enhancer and as photosensitizer for photodynamic treatment (PDT) of onychomycosis. Spectrophotometry was used to characterize MFPSs with and without 532 nm continuous-wave 5 mW cm(-2) laser light (± argon/mannitol/NaN3 ).

Focus on skin as a possible port of entry for solid nanoparticles and the toxicological impact.

Today, various anthropogenic sources account for an increasing atmospheric nanoparticle (NP) concentration and thus increase of human exposure to NPs. The situation may become problematic since commercial applications of nanotechnology expand more rapidly than the scientific knowledge on NP exposure. This review focuses on skin as a route of exposure for NPs and the toxicological impact in skin with special attention to physicochemical properties of NPs and skin.

Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness.

Sunscreens are used to provide protection against adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV)B (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400 nm) radiation. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration, the protection factor against UVA should be at least one-third of the overall sun protection factor. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) minerals are frequently employed in sunscreens as inorganic physical sun blockers.

The susceptibility of dermatophytes to photodynamic treatment with special focus on Trichophyton rubrum.

Owing to the accessibility of skin to light, many applications of photodynamic treatment (PDT) have been developed within dermatology. The recent increase of dermatological antimicrobial PDT investigations is related to the growing problem of bacterial and fungal resistance to antibiotics. This review focuses on the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi, in particular Trichophyton rubrum, to PDT and shows its potential usefulness in treatment of clinical dermatophytoses.

Preclinical studies with 5,10,15-Tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride for the photodynamic treatment of superficial mycoses caused by Trichophyton rubrum.

Dermatophytes are fungi that cause infections of keratinized tissues. We have recently demonstrated the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment (PDT) with 5,10,15-Tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) in 5 mm citric acid/sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.2, formulation I).

Morphological changes of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum after photodynamic treatment: a scanning electron microscopy study.

Treatment strategies for superficial mycosis caused by the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum consist of the use of topical or oral antifungal preparations. We have recently discovered that T. rubrum is susceptible to photodynamic treatment (PDT), with 5,10,15-tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) as a photosensitizer.

Investigation of conditions involved in the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment.

Background: Photodynamic treatment (PDT) refers to a treatment with light-activated agents (photosensitizers) in combination with visible light and molecular oxygen. Recently, we have demonstrated that the porphyrins, 5,10,15-tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) and deuteroporphyrin monomethylester (DP mme) are excellent photosensitizers to be used against Trichophyton rubrum both in vitro and ex vivo.

Objectives And Methods: The objective of this study was to investigate the key factors involved in PDT efficacy of both photosensitizers in an ex vivo situation during different fungal growth stages using a recently developed ex vivo model.

A novel ex vivo skin model to study the susceptibility of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum to photodynamic treatment in different growth phases.

Background: Dermatophytes are fungi that can cause infections of skin, hair and nails because of their ability to feed on keratin. Superficial mycoses are among the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide. Two important restrictions of current therapeutic options are the recurrence of the infection and prolonged treatment.

Photodynamic treatment of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum and its microconidia with porphyrin photosensitizers.

The application of photosensitizers for the treatment of fungal infections is a new and promising development within the field of photodynamic treatment (PDT). Dermatophytes, fungi that can cause infections of the skin, hair and nails, are able to feed on keratin. Superficial mycoses are probably the most prevalent of infectious diseases in all parts of the world.

Development of a test system for mutagenicity of photosensitizers using Drosophila melanogaster.

In the past few years, there has been an increase in the application of photosensitizers for medical purposes. A good standardized test system for the evaluation of the mutagenic potentials of photosensitizers is therefore an indispensable device. In the standard Ames test, white light itself was proven to be mutagenic and the result influenced by the light source.

Photodynamic inactivation of the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum.

Dermatophytes are fungi that can cause infections (known as tinea) of the skin, hair and nails because of their ability to use keratin. Superficial mycoses are probably the most prevalent of infectious diseases worldwide. One of the most distinct limitations of the current therapeutic options is the recurrence of the infection and duration of treatment.