Space charge governs the kinetics of metal exsolution.

Nanostructured composite electrode materials play a major role in the fields of catalysis and electrochemistry. The self-assembly of metallic nanoparticles on oxide supports via metal exsolution relies on the transport of reducible dopants towards the perovskite surface to provide accessible catalytic centres at the solid-gas interface. At surfaces and interfaces, however, strong electrostatic gradients and space charges typically control the properties of oxides.

Restructuring of titanium oxide overlayers over nickel nanoparticles during catalysis.

Reducible supports can affect the performance of metal catalysts by the formation of suboxide overlayers upon reduction, a process referred to as the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). A combination of operando electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy revealed that thin TiO overlayers formed on nickel/titanium dioxide catalysts during 400°C reduction were completely removed under carbon dioxide hydrogenation conditions. Conversely, after 600°C reduction, exposure to carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction conditions led to only partial reexposure of nickel, forming interfacial sites in contact with TiO and favoring carbon-carbon coupling by providing a carbon species reservoir.

Respiratory pathogens in veal calves: Inventory of circulating pathogens.

In the veal industry in The Netherlands, each year around 1.2 million "white" veal calves are produced on around 1100 farms. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) causes serious health issues in these calves, also resulting in high usage of antimicrobials.

Correction: Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level.

Correction for 'Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level' by Xiaohui Ju , , 2021, , 7386-7400, DOI: 10.1039/D1TB00706H.

Poly(acrylic acid)-mediated synthesis of cerium oxide nanoparticles with variable oxidation states and their effect on regulating the intracellular ROS level.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) possess multiple redox enzyme mimetic activities in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a potential biomedicine. These enzymatic activities of CeNPs are closely related to their surface oxidation state. Here we have reported a synthetic method to modify CeNPs' surface oxidation state by changing the conformation of the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymers adsorbed onto the CeNP surface.

Predictive Value of Precision-Cut Lung Slices for the Susceptibility of Three Animal Species for SARS-CoV-2 and Validation in a Refined Hamster Model.

In assessing species susceptibility for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and in the search for an appropriate animal model, multiple research groups around the world inoculated a broad range of animal species using various SARS-CoV-2 strains, doses and administration routes. Although in silico analyses based on receptor binding and diverse in vitro cell cultures were valuable, exact prediction of species susceptibility based on these tools proved challenging. Here, we assessed whether precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) could facilitate the selection of animal models, thereby reducing animal experimentation.

Identifying Ionic and Electronic Charge Transfer at Oxide Heterointerfaces.

The ability to tailor oxide heterointerfaces has led to novel properties in low-dimensional oxide systems. A fundamental understanding of these properties is based on the concept of electronic charge transfer. However, the electronic properties of oxide heterointerfaces crucially depend on their ionic constitution and defect structure: ionic charges contribute to charge transfer and screening at oxide interfaces, triggering a thermodynamic balance of ionic and electronic structures.

in Nordic European Countries: Emergence and Dominance of a New Clone.

(.) is an important pathogen of cattle implicated in a broad range of clinical manifestations that adversely impacts livestock production worldwide. In the absence of a safe, effective commercial vaccine in Europe, the reported reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials for this organism has contributed to difficulties in controlling infection.

Colloidal stability and catalytic activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in cell culture media.

One of the biggest challenges for the biomedical applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) is to maintain their colloidal stability and catalytic activity as enzyme mimetics after nanoparticles enter the human cellular environment. This work examines the influences of CeNP surface properties on their colloidal stability and catalytic activity in cell culture media (CCM). Near-spherical CeNPs stabilized different hydrophilic polymers were prepared through a wet-chemical precipitation method.

Synergy between Metallic and Oxidized Pt Sites Unravelled during Room Temperature CO Oxidation on Pt/Ceria.

Pt-based materials are widely used as heterogeneous catalysts, in particular for pollutant removal applications. The state of Pt has often been proposed to differ depending on experimental conditions, for example, metallic Pt poisoned with CO being present at lower temperature before light-off, while an oxidized Pt surface prevails above light-off temperature. In stark contrast to all previous reports, we show herein that both metallic and oxidized Pt are present in similar proportions under reaction conditions at the surface of ca.

Mobility and versatility of the liquid bismuth promoter in the working iron catalysts for light olefin synthesis from syngas.

Liquid metals are a new emerging and rapidly growing class of materials and can be considered as efficient promoters and active phases for heterogeneous catalysts for sustainable processes. Because of low cost, high selectivity and flexibility, iron-based catalysts are the catalysts of choice for light olefin synthesis Fischer-Tropsch reaction. Promotion of iron catalysts supported by carbon nanotubes with bismuth, which is liquid under the reaction conditions, results in a several fold increase in the reaction rate and in a much higher light olefin selectivity.

In situ Near-Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Reveals the Influence of Photon Flux and Water on the Stability of Halide Perovskite.

For several years, scientists have been trying to understand the mechanisms that reduce the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. In this work, we examined the effect of water and photon flux on the stability of CH NH PbI perovskite films and solar cells using in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and current density-voltage (J-V) characterization. The used amount of water vapor (up to 1 mbar) had a negligible impact on the perovskite film.

Gram-scale synthesis of alkoxide-derived nitrogen-doped carbon foam as a support for Fe-N-C electrocatalysts.

Non-platinum group metal (non-PGM) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are set to reduce the cost of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEFCs) by replacing platinum at the cathode. We previously developed unique nitrogen-doped carbon foams by template-free pyrolysis of alkoxide powders synthesized using a high temperature and high pressure solvothermal reaction. These were shown to be effective ORR electrocatalysts in alkaline media.

Spectroscopic Understanding of SnO and WO Metal Oxide Surfaces with Advanced Synchrotron Based; XPS-UPS and Near Ambient Pressure (NAP) XPS Surface Sensitive Techniques for Gas Sensor Applications under Operational Conditions.

The most promising and utilized chemical sensing materials, WO and SnO were characterized by means advanced synchrotron based XPS, UPS, NAP-XPS techniques. The complementary electrical resistance and sensor testing experiments were also completed. A comparison and evaluation of some of the prominent and newly employed spectroscopic characterization techniques for chemical sensors were provided.

A European inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the performance of three serological methods for diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection in cattle using latent class analysis.

Background: Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an emerging bovine pathogen, leading to significant economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Infection can result in a variety of clinical signs, such as arthritis, pneumonia, mastitis and keratoconjunctivitis, none of which are M.

Salt inactivation of classical swine fever virus and African swine fever virus in porcine intestines confirms the existing in vitro casings model.

Natural casings, to be used as sausage containers, are being traded worldwide and may be contaminated with contagious viruses. Standard processing of such natural casings is by salt treatment with a duration of 30 days before shipment. Since information is lacking about the efficacy of these virus inactivation procedures, an in vitro 3D collagen matrix model, mimicking natural casings, was developed previously to determine the efficacy of salt to inactivate specific viruses.

A European interlaboratory trial to evaluate the performance of different PCR methods for Mycoplasma bovis diagnosis.

Background: Several species-specific PCR assays, based on a variety of target genes are currently used in the diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle herds with respiratory diseases and/or mastitis. With this diversity of methods, and the development of new methods and formats, regular performance comparisons are required to ascertain diagnostic quality. The present study compares PCR methods that are currently used in six national veterinary institutes across Europe.

Evaluation of a multiplex real-time PCR for detection of four bacterial agents commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Background: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni and Trueperella pyogenes are four bacterial agents commonly associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). In this study a bacterial multiplex real-time PCR (the RespoCheck PCR) was evaluated for the detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of these four bacterial agents.

Results: The analytical sensitivity of the multiplex real-time PCR assay determined on purified DNA and on bacterial cells of the four target pathogens was one to ten fg DNA/assay and 4 × 10 to 2 × 10 CFU/assay.

Mycoplasma detection by triplex real-time PCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from bovine respiratory disease complex cases.

Background: In this study we evaluated the RespoCheck Mycoplasma triplex real-time PCR for the detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of Mycoplasma (M.) dispar, M. bovis and M.

Competitive Exclusion Reduces Transmission and Excretion of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Broilers.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (pAmpC) are enzymes able to hydrolyze a large variety of β-lactam antibiotics, including third-generation cephalosporins and monobactams. Broilers and broiler meat products can be highly contaminated with ESBL- and pAmpC-producing strains, also known as extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant strains, and can be a source for human infections. As few data on interventions to reduce the presence of ESC-resistant in broilers are available, we used transmission experiments to examine the role of competitive exclusion (CE) on reducing transmission and excretion in broilers.

Self-assembling diacetylene molecules on atomically flat insulators.

Single crystal sapphire and diamond surfaces are used as planar, atomically flat insulating surfaces, for the deposition of the diacetylene compound 10,12-nonacosadiynoic acid. The surface assembly is compared with results on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and MoS surfaces. A perfectly flat-lying monolayer of 10,12-nonacosadiynoic acid self-assembles on h-BN like on HOPG and MoS.

A Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Catalyst for Electrochemical CO Conversion to CO with High Selectivity and Current Density.

We report characterization of a non-precious metal-free catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO to CO; namely, a pyrolyzed carbon nitride and multiwall carbon nanotube composite. This catalyst exhibits a high selectivity for production of CO over H (approximately 98 % CO and 2 % H ), as well as high activity in an electrochemical flow cell. The CO partial current density at intermediate cathode potentials (V=-1.