Abdominal imaging in precocious puberty in girls: can imaging determine onset of puberty?

Precocious puberty in girls is defined by the appearance of secondary sex characteristics before the age of 8 years. Precocious puberty is either peripheral or central. In most cases, the cause of central precocious puberty is unknown.

Update on imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: the European Society of Paediatric Radiology workgroup session on voiding cystourethrography.

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is a fluoroscopic technique that allows the assessment of the urinary tract, including the urethra, bladder, and-if vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is present-the ureters and the pelvicalyceal systems. The technique also allows for the assessment of bladder filling and emptying, providing information on anatomical and functional aspects. VCUG is, together with contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography (VUS), still the gold standard test to diagnose VUR and it is one of the most performed fluoroscopic examinations in pediatric radiology departments.

MKL/SRF and Bcl6 mutual transcriptional repression safeguards the fate and positioning of neocortical progenitor cells mediated by RhoA.

During embryogenesis, multiple intricate and intertwined cellular signaling pathways coordinate cell behavior. Their slightest alterations can have dramatic consequences for the cells and the organs they form. The transcriptional repressor Bcl6 was recently found as important for brain development.

Crohn's Disease in a Patient With Bardet-Biedl Syndrome: Random Anomaly or Rare Phenotypic Trait?

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an autosomal recessive multisystem nonmotile ciliopathy. There are anecdotal reports of the co-occurrence of BBS and autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We present the first case report of a child with who developed Crohn disease, adding to the evidence on the association between BBS and IBD.

The clinical impact of observer variability in lung nodule classification in children with Wilms tumour.

Objectives: To investigate the extent to which observer variability of computed tomography (CT) lung nodule assessment may affect clinical treatment stratification in Wilms tumour (WT) patients, according to the recent Société Internationale d'Oncologie Pédiatrique Renal Tumour Study Group (SIOP-RTSG) UMBRELLA protocol.

Methods: I: CT thoraces of children with WT submitted for central review were used to estimate size distribution of lung metastases. II: Scans were selected for blinded review by five radiologists to determine intra- and inter-observer variability.

Imaging of anorectal malformations: where are we now? Abdominal imaging task force of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology.

Anorectal and cloacal malformations are a broad mix of congenital abnormalities related to the distal rectum and anus. Confusion exists between all the forms in this large and heterogeneous group. The spectrum includes everything from anal stenosis, ventral anus, anal atresia (with and without fistula) and the full spectrum of cloacal malformations.

International Comparisons of Clinical Demographics and Outcomes in the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms Tumor 2001 Trial and Study.

Purpose: International comparisons of patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and survival can shed light on areas for health care system improvement. The International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms Tumor 2001 trial/study registered patients through national clinical study groups in Western Europe and Brazil. This retrospective post hoc analysis of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology Wilms Tumor 2001 database aims to make visible and suggest reasons for any variations in outcomes.

[A girl with a tumor at the base of the tongue].

An 8-year-old girl with a lingual thyroid was evaluated because of a tumor at the base of the tongue. Ultrasound showed a hypoechogenic homogeneous parenchymatous structure at the base of the tongue consistent with thyroid tissue. Suboptimal levothyroxine treatment resulted in longstanding TSH stimulation causing a lingual goiter.

Infrared analysis of catalytic CO reduction in hydrogenated germanium.

The oxidation and carbisation kinetics of porous amorphous and nano-crystalline hydrogenated germanium (a-Ge:H and nc-Ge:H) films exposed to ambient air and deionized water have been studied using vibration modes observed by infrared spectroscopy. Based on infrared analysis, a two-step process of first oxidation by water and secondly carbisation by carbon dioxide (CO) is proposed that partly mimics the (photo-)catalytic processes in artificial (photo)synthesis. It is shown that water acts like the precursor for oxidation of porous a-Ge:H and nc-Ge:H in the first step.

Radiologic follow-up in Fontan-associated liver disease in Europe: European Society of Paediatric Radiology survey demonstrates the need for a consensus protocol.

Fontan surgery is a life-saving procedure for newborns with complex cardiac malformations, but it originates complications in different organs. The liver is also affected, with development of fibrosis and sometimes cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no general agreement on how to follow-up these children for the development of liver disease.

Surveillance of Fontan-associated liver disease: current standards and a proposal from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Abdominal Task Force.

Since Francis Fontan first introduced the eponymous technique, the Fontan procedure, this type of surgical palliation has allowed thousands of children affected by specific heart malformations to reach adulthood. Nevertheless, abdominal, thoracic, lymphatic and neurologic complications are the price that is paid by these patients. Our review focuses on Fontan-associated liver disease; the purpose is to summarize the current understanding of its physiopathology, the aim of follow-up and the specific radiologic follow-up performed in Europe.

A Role of brachytherapy in bilateral Wilms tumors: A long-term follow-up of three highly selected cases and literature review.

Purpose: To describe experience with partial nephrectomy combined with brachytherapy as part of the local management of bilateral Wilms tumor (WT) including a review of the available literature.

Results (methods And Case Description): Between 2011 and 2014, three highly selected patients (age nine months, 16 months, and 4 years) with bilateral WT (two synchronous and one metachronous) underwent enucleation and perioperative brachytherapy to the tumor bed. With a minimum follow-up of 5 years, all three patients are in continuous complete remission with preserved kidney function.

Accuracy of controlled attenuation parameter compared with ultrasound for detecting hepatic steatosis in children with severe obesity.

Objectives: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) on FibroScan in detecting and grading steatosis in a screening setting and perform a head-to-head comparison with conventional B-mode ultrasound.

Methods: Sixty children with severe obesity (median BMI z-score 3.37; median age 13.

Outcome of patients with stage IV high-risk Wilms tumour treated according to the SIOP2001 protocol: A report of the SIOP Renal Tumour Study Group.

Introduction: High-risk (HR) metastatic (stage IV) Wilms tumours (WTs) have a particular poor outcome.

Methods: Here, we report the results of HR (diffuse anaplastic [DA] or blastemal type [BT]) stage IV WT treated patients according to the HR arm in the SIOP2001 prospective study.

Results: From January 2002 to August 2014, 3559 patients with WT were included in the SIOP2001 trial.

Emergency imaging in paediatric oncology: a pictorial review.

Despite the decline in mortality rates over the last 20 years, cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in children worldwide. Early recognition and treatment for acute oncological emergencies are vital in preventing mortality and poor outcomes, such as irreversible end-organ damage and a compromised quality of life.Imaging plays a pivotal and adjunctive role to clinical examination, and a high level of interpretative acumen by the radiologist can make the difference between life and death.

The relation of radiological tumor volume response to histological response and outcome in patients with localized Ewing Sarcoma.

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for local staging and response evaluation of Ewing sarcoma (EwS). Aim of this study was to determine the relevance of tumor volume response (TVR) in relation to histological response (HisRes) and survival, in order to evaluate if early modification of chemotherapy might be indicated in patients with inadequate TVR.

Methods: Three dimensional (3D)-tumor volume data at diagnosis, during early induction phase (1-3 courses of chemotherapy; n = 195) and/or late induction phase (4-6 courses; n = 175) from 241 localized patients were retrospectively analyzed.

Radiation Exposure From Pediatric CT Scans and Subsequent Cancer Risk in the Netherlands.

Background: Computed tomography (CT), a strong diagnostic tool, delivers higher radiation doses than most imaging modalities. As CT use has increased rapidly, radiation protection is important, particularly among children. We evaluate leukemia and brain tumor risk following exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation from CT scans in childhood.

The impact of reconstruction techniques on observer performance for the detection and characterization of small pulmonary nodules in chest CT of children under 13 years.

Objective: To compare three different reconstruction techniques of CT data for the detection of pulmonary nodules in children under 13 years. Secondly to assess the prevalence of perifissural nodular opacities.

Materials And Methods: The study consisted of chest CTs of 31 children (median age 6.