Adipose Tissue: Understanding the Heterogeneity of Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine.

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been increasingly used as a versatile source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for diverse clinical investigations. However, their applications often become complicated due to heterogeneity arising from various factors. Cellular heterogeneity can occur due to: (i) nomenclature and criteria for definition; (ii) adipose tissue depots (e.

CD10 marks non-canonical PPARγ-independent adipocyte maturation and browning potential of adipose-derived stem cells.

Background: Effective stem cell therapy is dependent on the stem cell quality that is determined by their differentiation potential, impairment of which leads to poor engraftment and survival into the target cells. However, limitations in our understanding and the lack of reliable markers that can predict their maturation efficacies have hindered the development of stem cells as an effective therapeutic strategy. Our previous study identified CD10, a pro-adipogenic, depot-specific prospective cell surface marker of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs).

Trxlp, a thioredoxin-like effector from Edwardsiella piscicida inhibits cellular redox signaling and nuclear translocation of NF-κB.

Redox signaling and homeostasis are essential for cell survival and the immune response. Peroxiredoxin (Prx) modulates the level of HO as a redox signal through HO decomposition. The redox activity of thioredoxin (Trx) is required as a reducing equivalent to regenerate Prx.

Oxidative stress mediates depot-specific functional differences of human adipose-derived stem cells.

Background: Visceral (VS) fat depot is known to have defective adipogenic functions compared to subcutaneous (SC) fat, but its mechanism of origin is unclear.

Objective: We tested our hypothesis that the degree of oxidative stress in adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) from these depots may account for this difference.

Methods: ASCs were isolated from VS (omental region) and SC (abdominal region) fat depots of human subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.

Fast Adipogenesis Tracking System (FATS)-a robust, high-throughput, automation-ready adipogenesis quantification technique.

Adipogenesis is essential in in vitro experimentation to assess differentiation capability of stem cells, and therefore, its accurate measurement is important. Quantitative analysis of adipogenic levels, however, is challenging and often susceptible to errors due to non-specific reading or manual estimation by observers. To this end, we developed a novel adipocyte quantification algorithm, named Fast Adipogenesis Tracking System (FATS), based on computer vision libraries.

A New Role of OmpR in Acid and Osmotic Stress in and .

Bacteria survive and respond to diverse environmental conditions and during infection inside the host by systematic regulation of stress response genes. and . Typhimurium can undergo large changes in intracellular osmolality (up to 1.

Quantitative in vivo detection of adipose tissue browning using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in near-infrared II window.

White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) biologically function in an opposite way in energy metabolism. BAT induces energy consumption by heat production while WAT mainly stores energy in the form of triglycerides. Recent progress in the conversion of WAT cells to "beige" or "brown-like" adipocytes in animals, having functional similarity to BAT, spurred a great interest in developing the next-generation therapeutics in the field of metabolic disorders.

Non-canonical activation of OmpR drives acid and osmotic stress responses in single bacterial cells.

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria undergo large changes in osmolality and cytoplasmic pH. It has been described that during acid stress, bacteria internal pH promptly acidifies, followed by recovery. Here, using pH imaging in single living cells, we show that following acid stress, bacteria maintain an acidic cytoplasm and the osmotic stress transcription factor OmpR is required for acidification.

A FRET-based DNA biosensor tracks OmpR-dependent acidification of Salmonella during macrophage infection.

In bacteria, one paradigm for signal transduction is the two-component regulatory system, consisting of a sensor kinase (usually a membrane protein) and a response regulator (usually a DNA binding protein). The EnvZ/OmpR two-component system responds to osmotic stress and regulates expression of outer membrane proteins. In Salmonella, EnvZ/OmpR also controls expression of another two-component system SsrA/B, which is located on Salmonella Pathogenicity Island (SPI) 2.

Two-component PhoB-PhoR regulatory system and ferric uptake regulator sense phosphate and iron to control virulence genes in type III and VI secretion systems of Edwardsiella tarda.

Inorganic phosphate (P(i)) and iron are essential nutrients that are depleted by vertebrates as a protective mechanism against bacterial infection. This depletion, however, is sensed by some pathogens as a signal to turn on the expression of virulence genes. Here, we show that the PhoB-PhoR two-component system senses changes in P(i) concentration, whereas the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) senses changes in iron concentration in Edwardsiella tarda PPD130/91 to regulate the expression of type III and VI secretion systems (T3SS and T6SS) through an E.

Crystal structure of the heteromolecular chaperone, AscE-AscG, from the type III secretion system in Aeromonas hydrophila.

Background: The putative needle complex subunit AscF forms a ternary complex with the chaperones AscE and AscG in the type III secretion system of Aeromonas hydrophila so as to avoid premature assembly. Previously, we demonstrated that the C-terminal region of AscG (residues 62-116) in the hetero-molecular chaperone, AscE-AscG, is disordered and susceptible to limited protease digestion.

Methodology/principal Findings: Here, we report the crystal structure of the ordered AscG(1-61) region in complex with AscE at 2.

Temperature and Mg2+ sensing by a novel PhoP-PhoQ two-component system for regulation of virulence in Edwardsiella tarda.

The PhoP-PhoQ two-component system is commonly used by bacteria to sense environmental factors. Here we show that the PhoP-PhoQ system of Edwardsiella tarda detects changes in environmental temperature and Mg(2+) concentration as well as regulates the type III and VI secretion systems through direct activation of esrB. Protein secretion is activated from 23 to 35 °C or at low Mg(2+) concentrations, but it is suppressed at or below 20 °C, at or above 37 °C, or at high Mg(2+) concentrations.

Structural basis for the secretion of EvpC: a key type VI secretion system protein from Edwardsiella tarda.

The recently identified type VI secretion system (T6SS) is implicated in the virulence of many gram-negative bacteria. Edwardsiella tarda is an important cause of hemorrhagic septicemia in fish and also gastro- and extra-intestinal infections in humans. The E.