Evaluation of the net energy value of glucose (cerelose) and maize starch in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

1. Quadruplicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) (mean body-weight 24.9 g) were reared on six dietary treatments (practical-type diets) in a modified paired-feeding experiment for 12 weeks at 15 degrees to determine the net energy (NE) value of starch and glucose to rainbow trout.

Effects of thyroid hormone supplementation of canola meal-based diets on growth, and interrenal and thyroid gland physiology of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Rainbow trout fed a 26% canola meal-based (CM) diet for 12 weeks at 15°C exhibited reduced growth, lower feed conversion, enlarged thyroid glands and lower plasma thyroid hormone (TH) levels than comparable fish fed equinitrogenous, equicaloric soybean meal-based (SB) diets. Supplementation of the SB diets with either T4 (20 mg/kg) or T3 (10 or 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the growth rate, feed conversion and thyroid histology of the trout. However, plasma T4 levels weredepressed in trout fed the T4- and high T3-supplemented SB diets.

Accumulation of waterborne selenium by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), eggs, fry and juveniles.

The effect of waterborne selenite levels on selenium accumulated by different developmental stages of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied using(75)SeO 3 (=) as a tracer. All stages readily accumulated selenium at both high and low concentrations, but the rate of accumulation increased as the trout developed from the egg to the juvenile feeding stage. The low rate of selenium accumulation by embryos seemed to be related more to a lack of gills than to the presence of a chorion.

Dietary carbohydrate and growth, body composition and heat increment in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

A study was conducted to determine growth, body composition and heat increment (HI) of rainbow trout reared on isonitrogenous high digestible carbohydrate (HC) and high fat (HL) diets at 15°C. Trout reared on the HC diet had a significantly lower final body weight and carcass lipid content and a significantly higher feed:gain ratio and carcass protein content than trout reared on the HL diet after 12 weeks on the test diets. The lower carcass lipid composition indicates that trout do not readily convert dietary carbohydrates into fat.

The biological activity of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25--dihydroxycholecalciferol for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)2D3] showed vitamin D activity in rainbow trout. However, inclusion of dietary cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 or D3), ergocalciferol (vitamin D2 or D2), 25-OH-D3 or 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not result in the presence of detectable levels of vitamin D or 25-OH-D in the blood plasma of the fish. Fish fed the diet devoid of vitamin D over an extended period of time showed symptoms of a droopy-tail or "lordosis-like" syndrome that appeared to be related to muscle weakness since x-ray examination indicated no abnormality in vertebral development.

Relative biopotency of dietary ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol and the role of and requirement for vitamin D in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

A growth assay was conducted for six consecutive 28-day periods by using triplicate groups of 110 rainbow trout with an average initial body weight of 3.0 g. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2 or D2) and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 or D3) were included to provide levels of 200, 400 and 800 iu/kg in a semipurified casein, gelatin diet.

Uptake, transport and distribution of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate compared to D-alpha-tocopherol in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

The appearance of radioactivity after the oral administration of 3 microCi D-alpha-[5-methyl-3H]tocopherol and 10 microCi DL-alpha-[3',4'-14C]tocopheryl acetate in plasma, liver, kidney, spleen and heart of rainbow trout showed an exponential increase up to 32 hours, followed by a plateau or slight decline from 32 to 64 hours. Radioactivity in the skeletal muscle increased exponentially up to 8 hours followed by a slower liner increase up to 64 hours. Comparisons of plasma 3H and 14C radioactivity suggested that the uptake of D-alpha-tocopherol (EOH) was 6 to 18 times greater than DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (EAc) in the first 4 hours and 2 to 3 times greater between 8 and 64 hours.

Effect of dietary vitamin E on rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri). Muscle alpha-tocopherol and storage stability.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary vitamin E (basal alpha-tocopherol plus supplemental DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) on the muscle alpha-tocopherol levels in rainbow trout. The relationship of muscle alpha-tocopherol and its storage stability were measured by changes in thiobarbituric acid number (TBA) between one year frozen storage (-17 degrees C) and one year frozen (-17 degrees C) plus 7 days' refrigeration (2 degrees C). The alpha-tocopherol content in the muscle of fish fed the experimental diets for 24 weeks was significantly (p less than 0.

Absorption, distribution, half-life and possible routes of elimination of dietary selenium in juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

1. The influence of different levels of dietary selenium on the metabolism of selenium in rainbow trout was studied using 75Se as an indicator. 2.

An evaluation of the nitrogen correction in the true metabolizable energy assay.

This paper examined the effect of N-correction on the true metabolizable energy (TME) values of mixed diets and single ingredients using mature White Leghorn roosters. The N-corrected TME (TMEn) values were consistently higher than the corresponding TME values, the results being significant (P less than .05) in about one-half of the samples tested.

Relationship between body weight and amino acid excretion in fasted mature cockerels.

A study was made of the relationship between body weight and the amino acid (AA) excretion of fasted adult Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels. Thirty birds, maintained on a balanced corn-soy diet and individually housed, were weighed and fasted for 30 hr to rid their alimentary canals of feed residues. They were then carried through another 30 hr fast during which metabolic plus endogenous (M + E) excreta were collected and analyzed for the different AA.

Effect of oxidized fish oil, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and ethoxyquin supplementation on the vitamin E nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed practical diets.

A factorial experiment was conducted using two degrees of oxidation of the 7.5% supplemental fish oil (peroxide values of 5 and 120 meq/kg oil), two levels of supplemental DL-apha-tocopheryl acetate (0 and 33 mg/kg diet) and two levels of ethoxyquin (0 and 125 mg/kg diet) supplementation. Dietary thiobarbituric acid number, weight percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-three fatty acids in the total fatty acids were significantly (P less than 0.

An evaluation of the true metabolizable energy assay for monitoring the apparent metabolizable energy values of poultry diets.

Samples of 35 diets were obtained from five different regions of Canada. The true metabolizable energy (TME) of these diets was measured with mature White Leghorn cockerels. The N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (MEn) values, calculated from average analysis figures, were supplied by the feed manufacturers.

A comparison of the true and apparent metabolizable energy measures using corn and soybean meal samples.

This study was designed to compare the results of the true metabolizable energy (TME) and the conventional apparent metabolizable energy (AME) assays in detecting differences in the metabolizable energy content of different samples of corn and soybean meal. The samples assayed were three pairs of high and low protein soybean meals (SBM) and six corn samples of varying bushel weight. Also included in the study were two additional corn samples of a single variety of which one was a normal crop (corn ND) and the other (corn D) was obtained from plants earlier afflicted with "eye spot' fungal disease (Kabatiella zeae) so that the grain kernels did not fully mature.

True metabolizable energy values of a number of feedingstuffs and complete diets as determined in two laboratories.

True metabolizable energy (TME) values were measured on six samples of soybean meal (SBM), two samples of corn, and five laying hen rations mixed at two different times The determinations were carried out in two different laboratories, the University of Guelph (UG) and Canada Packers (CP) Research Centre, with a view of checking interlaboratory agreement. The TME values of four out of the six SBM samples agreed very well between the two laboratories. For the two samples with results that did not agree well, the difference was as much as 8%.

Effect of blending and level of inclusion on the metabolizable energy of tallow and tower rapeseed soapstocks.

Experiments were conducted with prime tallow (PT) and Tower rapeseed soapstocks (TSS) to determine the possible synergism between these fats by the total collection and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) apparent metabolizable energy (AME) methods as well as the true metabolizable energy (TME) assay and to examine the effect of inclusion level on the metabolizable energy (ME) values of fats. Graded levels of 0, 3, 6, and 9% of each of PT, TSS, and a 1:1 blend of the two were fed to groups of adult roosters, and the ME values of the test fats and the mixture were evaluated from a linear regression of the ME of the diets and the levels of fat inclusion. The total collection and Cr2O3 methods gave essentially the same AME values for PT as well as for TSS when these fats were fed separately.

The requirement and toxicity of selenium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

This study measured the dietary selenium requirement of rainbow trout and their response to excessive levels of dietary selenium. A dietary selenium level of 0.07 microgram/g dry feed with a waterborne selenium level of 0.

Bioavailable amino acids in corn and alfalfa as measured by applying the true metabolizable energy assay.

Amino acid (AA) availabilities were determined in three different samples of corn and one of dehydrated alfalfa using the true metabolizable cnergy (TME) assay and force-feeding the ingredients both singly and mixed with a basal diet. One of the corn samples and the alfalfa were those used in the ANRC collabortative study on metabolizable energy (Sibbald, 1978). The other two corn samples were the same cultivar but one (corn D) was afflicted with the fungal disease, "eye spot" (kabatiella zeae), and had a lower hectoliter weight than the nondiseased counterpart (corn ND).

Apparent amino acid availability and apparent metabolizable energy values of tower and candle rapeseeds and rapeseed meals.

An experiment was conducted to measure the amino acid (AA) availability and metabolizable energy of whole and ground Tower and Candle rapeseeds (RS). This was done by the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) method of total excreta collection using mature White Leghorn cockerels. Since the AA availability values were not corrected for metabolic plus endogenous AA losses they were called apparent AA availability (AAAA) values.

Effect of oxidized fish oil on the ascorbic acid nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

Feeding trials were conducted in two consecutive years to study the effect of oxidized fish oil on the stability of ascorbic acid in practical trout diets. The vitamin C nutrition of fish fed these diets was also investigated. Fish oils were oxidized by bubbling air through them for 0, 100, 265, 1348 and 1540 hr and 7.

Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on plasma and urinary concentrations of some biochemical entities in the rat.

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a constituent of several plants of the family Cruciferae that are commonly used as food. This study investigated the effect of feeding AITC to male Sprague-Dawley rats on their plasma glucose and uric acid levels as well as on the urinary concentrations of glucose, 17-ketosteroids (17-KS), creatinine, and uric acid. Other test compounds included were thyroxine (T4) and thiouracil (TU).

Influence of dietary ascorbic acid on plasma lipid levels in the rainbow trout.

Rainbow trout maintained on ascorbic acid deficient and three grades of ascorbic acid supplemented diets (160--1280 mg ascorbic acid pr kg feed) for a period of 53 weeks, were studied for effects on plasma lipid levels. Fish fed the diet with no ascorbic acid manifested lethargy, lordosis, scoliosis, internal hemorrhages and low body weight. With regard to blood properties, ascorbic acid deficient fish had low hematocrit and high plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol but low level of free fatty acids.

Histopathology of the heart from rats fed rapeseed oils.

The cardiopathogenicity of oils from new, low erucic acid (EA) rapeseed, Brassica napus, cv Tower (0.88 per cent EA) and Brassica napus, cv 1788 (3.6 per cent EA) were tested on rats following 18 weeks of feeding.