Enhanced Performance and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Surface Modification with Benzocaine Hydrochloride.

Current development of inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with nickel oxide as the hole transport layer, is progressing toward lower net costs, higher efficiencies, and superior stabilities. Unfortunately, the high density of defect-based traps on the surface of perovskite films significantly limits the photoelectric conversion efficiency and operational stability of perovskite solar cells. Finding cost-effective interface modifiers is crucial for the further commercial development of p-i-n PSCs.

Nanocomposite Polymer Gel Electrolyte Based on TiO Nanoparticles for Lithium Batteries.

In this article, the specific features of competitive ionic and molecular transport in nanocomposite systems based on network membranes synthesized by radical polymerization of polyethylene glycol diacrylate in the presence of LiBF, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ethylene carbonate (EC), and TiO nanopowder (d~21 nm) were studied for H, Li, B, C, and F nuclei using NMR. The membranes obtained were studied through electrochemical impedance, IR-Fourier spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. The ionic conductivity of the membranes was up to 4.

Water Molecules' and Lithium Cations' Mobility in Sulfonated Polystyrene Studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

The hydration of ions and charge groups controls electro mass transfer through ion exchange systems. The self-diffusion and local mobility of water molecules as well as lithium cations in poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid) and its lithium, sodium and cesium salts were investigated for the first time using pulsed-field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) and NMR relaxation techniques. The temperature dependences of the water molecule and Li cation self-diffusion coefficients exhibited increasing self-diffusion activation energy in temperature regions below 0 °C, which is not due to the freezing of parts of the water.

The Effect of Divinylbenzene on the Structure and Properties of Polyethylene Films with Related Radiation Chemical Grafted Polystyrene and Sulfocationite Membranes.

In the present work, the effect of divinylbenzene (DVB) on the kinetics of post-radiation chemical graft polymerization styrene (St) on polyethylene (PE) film and its structural and morphological features were investigated. It has been found that the dependence of the degree of polystyrene (PS) grafting on the DVB concentration in the solution is extreme. An increase in the rate of graft polymerization at low concentrations of DVB in the solution is associated with a decrease in the mobility of the growing chains of PS.

New Network Polymer Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquid and SiO Nanoparticles for Energy Storage Systems.

Elementary processes of electro mass transfer in the nanocomposite polymer electrolyte system by pulse field gradient, spin echo NMR spectroscopy and the high-resolution NMR method together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are examined. The new nanocomposite polymer gel electrolytes consisted of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), salt LiBF and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIBF) and SiO nanoparticles. Kinetics of the PEGDA matrix formation was studied by isothermal calorimetry.

Hydration and Mobility of Alkaline Metal Cations in Sulfonic Cation Exchange Membranes.

The interconnection of ionogenic channel structure, cation hydration, water and ionic translational mobility was revealed in Nafion and MSC membranes based on polyethylene and grafted sulfonated polystyrene. A local mobility of Li, Na and Cs cations and water molecules was estimated via the H, Li, Na and Cs spin relaxation technique. The calculated cation and water molecule self-diffusion coefficients were compared with experimental values measured using pulsed field gradient NMR.

Electronic and steric effects controlling monomer-dimer self-assembly in 6-1,4-diazepinoporphyrazines: an experimental and theoretical study.

A series of 5,7-disubstituted 1,4-diazepinoporphyrazinato magnesium(II) and nickel(II) complexes, including two novel compounds, were obtained by metal-templated macrocyclization. A combination of X-ray diffraction, H NMR, UV-vis, and electrochemical analyses allowed us to study their tendency towards H-type dimerization and trace the influence of structural and solvation factors on dimer stability. Based on the physicochemical and theoretical DFT calculation data, it was found that the main binding forces between 6-1,4-diazepinoporphyrazine decks in the dimers were efficient π-π donor-acceptor interactions induced by the interdeck C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds.

Effect of the Solvate Environment of Lithium Cations on the Resistance of the Polymer Electrolyte/Electrode Interface in a Solid-State Lithium Battery.

The effect of the composition of liquid electrolytes in the bulk and at the interface with the LiFePO cathode on the operation of a solid-state lithium battery with a nanocomposite polymer gel electrolyte based on polyethylene glycol diacrylate and SiO was studied. The self-diffusion coefficients on the 7Li, 1H, and 19F nuclei in electrolytes based on LiBF and LiTFSI salts in solvents (gamma-butyrolactone, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane) were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with a magnetic field gradient. Four compositions of the complex electrolyte system were studied by high-resolution NMR.

Ion and Molecular Transport in Solid Electrolytes Studied by NMR.

NMR is the method of choice for molecular and ionic structures and dynamics investigations. The present review is devoted to solvation and mobilities in solid electrolytes, such as ion-exchange membranes and composite materials, based on cesium acid sulfates and phosphates. The applications of high-resolution NMR, solid-state NMR, NMR relaxation, and pulsed field gradient H, Li, C, F, Na, P, and Cs NMR techniques are discussed.

Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Studied by NMR Techniques.

This review is devoted to different types of novel polymer electrolytes for lithium power sources developed during the last decade. In the first part, the compositions and conductivity of various polymer electrolytes are considered. The second part contains NMR applications to the ion transport mechanism.

Water-Promoted Reaction of CArCl Compounds with Thiophenes Delivers a Family of Multifunctional Fullerene Derivatives with Selective Antiviral Properties.

Here we report a reaction of the fullerene derivatives CArCl, which enables the substitution of Cl with thiophene residues and the formation of the novel family of -symmetrical C fullerene derivatives with six functional addends CArTh. The discovered reaction provided a straightforward approach to the synthesis of previously inaccessible multifunctional water-soluble fullerene derivatives, including the compounds with antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency and influenza viruses.

Molecular and Ionic Diffusion in Ion Exchange Membranes and Biological Systems (Cells and Proteins) Studied by NMR.

The results of NMR, and especially pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG NMR) investigations, are summarized. Pulsed field gradient NMR technique makes it possible to investigate directly the partial self-diffusion processes in spatial scales from tenth micron to millimeters. Modern NMR spectrometer diffusive units enable to measure self-diffusion coefficients from 10 m/s to 10 m/s in different materials on H, H, Li, C, F, Na, P, Cs nuclei.

Synthesis and Metabolism of Nitric Oxide (NO) in Chicken Embryos and in the Blood of Adult Chicken.

In chicken embryos, nitric oxide (NO) is accumulated in the pool of NO donors: S-nitrosothiols, nitrosyl-iron complexes, high-molecular-weight nitro-compounds. Oxidation of NO to nitrate occurs with different intensity in the embryos of different chicken breeds. In some embryos, NO donors accumulate almost without oxidation.

Mechanisms of Specific Embryonic Effects of Nitrogen Oxide.

The study of NO metabolism in chicken embryos showed that the intensity of oxidation of both endogenous and exogenous for the embryo NO donors to nitrate is determined by the presence or state of NO targets, rather than donor concentration. The mechanism of this oxidation and its physiological role are discussed. It was also shown that oxidation product nitrate is actively eliminated from the amnionic sac.

[STRUCTURE OF PARAPATELLAR CARTILAGES IN CANIDS].

The aim of the study was to establish general patterns and morphological characteristics of the parapatellar structures of the knee joint in canids: dogs of factory breeding - Caucasian shepherd dog (n=15), Central Asian shepherd dog (n=14), poodle (n=9), the toy Terrier (n=13), Yorkshire Terrier (n=14) and Steppenwolf (n=17) and foxes (n=7) obtained from natural biocenoses. Subtle anatomical dissection was conducted and macroscopic evaluation of the structures was performed together with light microscopic analysis of serial histological sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and picrofuchsin-fuchselin. Comparative analysis of the parapatellar cartilages allowed to establish both common regularities and breed-specific signs of their structure, that resulted from the impact of biomechanics of the locomotor behavior of the animals.

[The effect of the combined treatment of patients with postradiation encephalopathy on lipid peroxidation activity].

Conventionally healthy persons-donors and diseased subjects who had taken part in the elimination of the Chernobyl accident effects were evaluated for the activity of the process of free radical lipid peroxidation (LPO). The patient population demonstrated a significant elevation of blood levels of malonic dialdehyde, enhancement of intensity of spontaneous chemoluminescence together with a decrease in resistance of red cells to oxide. After the general course of therapy involving use of enterosorbents, antioxidants, and normobaric intermittent hypoxia, there was an appreciable decrease in the blood plasma LPO intensity, which observation was accompanied with improvement in general health of the patients.

Morpho-tribo-mechanical characteristics of the articular cartilage in animals under conditions of hypokinesis.

The influence of activity upon the structure and properties of articular cartilage has been examined in two populations of fur-bearing animals. Morphological changes in cartilage of the caged animals were noted. Friction was mentioned in a vibrotribometer and it was noted that the caged animals exhibited a lower friction coefficient than the free-moving animals.

[Comparative studies of hearing in children by recording reflex reactions and long-latency auditory evoked potentials].

Hearing thresholds at speech frequencies in children with neurosensory hypoacusis were measured by three methods: orientation reflex (OR), wink reflex (WR) and brain acoustic evoked responses (BERA). Hearing thresholds measured by recording OR and WR were compared in 115 children (232 comparisons) and were found to coincide in about 92% of cases. Hearing thresholds at speech frequencies were measured by recording OR, WR and BERA in 55 children (103 comparisons) and were found to coincide in about 70% of cases.

[Structural adaptations of the articular cartilage in fur-bearing animals under conditions of mobility].

Adaptive properties of the articular cartilage and plasticity of its structures under various conditions of static-dynamic loading on joints have been studied when the data obtained in sables and minks, living in natural biocenosis and in cages, are compared. By means of optic, raster electron microscopy and microroentgenological analysis, peculiarities of structural formation of the articular cartilage have been revealed in ontogenesis, as well as succession in formation of its zonal architectonics. Conditions of prolonged hypodynamia are manifected as a number of anomalies in distribution of the cartilagenous integument of the joints affecting cellular and tissue levels of adaptation.

[Changes in the femur of fur-bearing animals during hypodynamia].

Under conditions of hypodynamia the form and internal architectonics of the femoral bone undergo certain changes. In young animals these changes are of quantitative character without any signs of a manifested destruction. Later on, certain indications of focal resorption appear in the spongy substance, as does partial destruction of the beams.