Are race and sex differences in lung function explained by frame size? The CARDIA Study.

Using the CARDIA cohort of 20- to 32-yr-old black and white men and women, FVC and FEV1 were standardized for standing height, sitting height, leg height, elbow breadth, and biacromial diameter in such a way that the standardized lung function showed minimal statistical dependence on these measures of frame size. Race and sex differences in lung function have been reported even after adjustment for height; however, these differences might depend on aspects of frame size other than height. We found that within this age group height2 provided robust standardization for FVC and FEV1 for all race and sex strata of the population.

Associations of body fat and its distribution with dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking in blacks and whites.

Cross-sectional associations between body fat and its distribution and environmental factors influencing energy balance were examined in 5115 young adults. Protein was directly associated with body mass index (BMI) in all race and sex groups (P less than 0.01) after age, education, cigarette-smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity were adjusted for.

Quality control of dietary data collection in the CARDIA study.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study developed and implemented quality control (QC) measures to minimize misclassification associated with dietary data. Manual and automated data inspection were used to monitor quality. Of the 5111 participants who completed a dietary history, 717 (14%) had dietary forms reviewed and 153 (3%) had the interview audiotaped.

Anthropometric predictors of coronary heart disease and total mortality: findings from the US Railroad Study.

Prospective data from the US Railroad Study were used to investigate the relations of several anthropometric variables to coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality in males initially free of cardiovascular disease. Middle-aged men were examined in 1957-1960 and followed until 1977 or death. Anthropometric indicators of total body fat (body mass index and the sum of the subscapular and triceps skinfolds) and central body fat (the ratios chest circumference/biacromial (shoulder) diameter, and chest circumference/standing height) were significantly and directly associated with age-adjusted coronary heart disease mortality.

Meat consumption and its associations with other diet and health factors in young adults: the CARDIA study.

Using cross-sectional data from the longitudinal Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, we assessed associations between meat consumption and other dietary- and health-status indicators. Less than one percent of this sample (n = 32) ate no red meat or poultry, and another 1% (n = 47) ate red meat or poultry less than once per week. Individuals who ate red meat and poultry less than once per week were less likely to drink alcohol (P = 0.

Cynical hostility in adult male twins.

The heritability of hostility as measured by the Cook and Medley Ho scale was assessed in an adult male sample of 60 monozygotic and 61 dizygotic twin pairs. For the total Ho scale, as well as its health predictive component, the results were consistent with a moderate genetic effect. Results are discussed in terms of genetic and environmental influences on the development of this trait, and possible genetic contributions to the association between hostility and subsequent health.

The CARDIA dietary history: development, implementation, and evaluation.

To meet the objectives for dietary assessment in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) prospective study, we developed a dietary history to provide accurate and reliable quantitative data on habitual individual nutrient intakes at baseline. The CARDIA dietary history was an interviewer-administered method that included a short questionnaire regarding general dietary practices followed by a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire about typical intake of foods using the previous month as a reference for recall. For each broad category of foods, participants were questioned in detail about specific foods only if they indicated that they consumed foods from that category.

Risk factors for cervical carcinoma: does detection bias play a role?

We explored the impact of detection bias on cervical carcinoma risk factors in a population-based case-control study in Utah. Risk estimates for most cervical carcinoma risk factors were virtually the same in women who reported frequent Pap tests as those obtained from the population at large. Women who reported infrequent Pap tests, however, had higher estimates of risk than the general population.

Comparison of two methods of assessing physical activity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

Physical activity was assessed by questionnaire among 4,956 young blacks and whites aged 18-30 years at the baseline examination (1985-1986) of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk factors. The Physical Activity Recall questionnaire categorized all activity during the previous week, while the Physical Activity History questionnaire quantified participation in 13 specific activities during the previous year. This report compares the two questionnaires with regard to their characterization of the activity levels of the sociodemographic subgroups of the study population and their associations with known physiologic correlates of physical activity.

Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case-control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors.

A population-based case-control study in Utah of 358 cases diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1984 and 1985, and 679 controls categorically matched by age and county of residence, were interviewed to investigate the association between dietary intake of energy (kcal), fat, protein, vitamin A, beta-carotene, vitamin C, zinc, cadmium, selenium, and prostate cancer. Dietary data were ascertained using a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed separately by age (45-67, 68-74) and by tumor aggressiveness.

Is vaginal douching related to cervical carcinoma?

The association between cervical carcinoma and vaginal douching was examined in a population-based case-control study conducted in the low-risk population of Utah between 1984 and 1987. The authors compared 266 cases of in situ and invasive cervical carcinoma with 408 group-matched controls by vaginal douching behavior, controlled for age, lifetime number of sex partners, cigarette smoking history, religious activity, and educational level. Essentially no association was found in women who douched once per week or less, but in those who douched more than once per week, a consistent relation was demonstrated (adjusted odds ratio = 4.

Collinear nutrients and the risk of colon cancer.

The relationship between colon cancer risk and the relative contributions of fat and caloric intake are assessed. A lack of consensus exists regarding the role of each of these dietary factors in the development of colon cancer. This lack of agreement originates from the high correlations between the nutrients, as well as the manner in which researchers treat these dietary variables in their analyses.

Physical activity and colon cancer: a comparison of various indicators of physical activity to evaluate the association.

We compare categories of physical activity, based upon self-reported leisure time and occupational activity, with categories of activity based upon coded job titles using the Dictionary of Occupational Titles. For people under 65 years of age, self-reported total activity, total nonintense activity, and occupational activity were not strongly associated with coded occupational activity in men (Spearman r = 0.36, 0.

Food-consumption trends between adolescent and adult years and subsequent risk of prostate cancer.

A population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer in Utah was used to assess reported food-consumption patterns for the adolescent and adult years. Men reported eating eggs, whole milk, butter, white bread, cereals, and candy less frequently and red meat, fish, low-fat milk, cheese, yogurt, ice cream, margarine, fruits and vegetables, and whole-wheat bread more frequently as adults, indicating that diets changed in the hypothesized direction to correspond to national changes in food-consumption practices. Men who consumed a diet high in saturated fatty acids as adults were at a slightly increased risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer after adjusting for adolescent diet (odds ratio 1.

Marital adjustment among housestaff and new attorneys.

Previous reports have suggested that physicians' marriages may be adversely affected by the stresses of the profession. Some social scientists, however, question the view that demanding careers are the primary cause of poor marital adjustment and suggest instead that such careers may actually invigorate a marriage. This study, involving 116 housestaff physicians, 106 new attorneys, and the spouses of both groups, identified the factors that significantly affected their marital adjustments.

Tobacco, alcohol, coffee, and caffeine as risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population.

We used data from a population-based case-control study to examine how use of tobacco products and consumption of alcohol, coffee, and caffeine relate to colon cancer in Utah. We hypothesized that low use of these substances is one factor contributing to the low colon cancer incidence in Utah and could help explain the low risk associated for colon cancer with being a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In females, we observed little or no increase in risk of colon cancer from smoking cigarettes or from consumption of alcohol, caffeine, or coffee.

Occupation, cadmium exposure, and prostate cancer.

A population-based case-control study was used to investigate associations between prostate cancer and cadmium exposure, longest industry held, and longest occupation held. The study included 358 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer and 679 control men identified from the Utah population. Occupational exposures to cadmium were ascertained from self-reported data, through several a priori suspect industries and occupations, through an occupation-exposure linkage system, and through dietary food frequency questionnaires.

Dietary vitamins A, C, and E and selenium as risk factors for cervical cancer.

The relation between cervical cancer and dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E, beta-carotene, and selenium was examined in a population-based case-control study in Utah. Cervical cancer cases (n = 266) and population-based controls (n = 408) were interviewed between 1984 and 1987. Protective effects were observed for vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene but were attenuated by age, level of education, and lifetime cigarette use.

Diet and survival of patients with colon cancer in Utah: is there an association?

The extent to which diet influenced colon cancer survival was examined in 411 colon cancer cases identified in Utah between 1976 and 1981 using data from two population based case-control studies. After adjustment by proportional hazards regression models for the effects of tumour stage, age, sex, and religion, the hazard rate ratios (HRR) comparing highest to lowest quartile of intake for total calories, fat and protein were 0.60, 0.

Dietary intake and colon cancer: sex- and anatomic site-specific associations.

A case-control study was conducted in Utah between July 1979 and June 1983 in which 231 cases of colon cancer identified through the Utah Cancer Registry and 391 controls identified through random digit dialing were interviewed. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated comparing the highest exposure categories with the lowest exposure categories. The highest quintile of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2 for males; weight (kg)/height (m)1.

The association between dietary intake and reported history of Candida vulvovaginitis.

The association between dietary intake and the history of Candida vulvovaginitis was evaluated in 166 women who had a history of Candida vulvovaginitis in the past 5 years (cases) and in 207 women without such a history (total population), as well as in 74 women with five or more episodes in the past 5 years and 125 women with no history of Candida vulvovaginitis. Women were interviewed about their demographic data, past medical and sexual history, and their history of vaginal or pelvic infections. An extensive dietary history was taken to determine each woman's usual adult dietary intake.

Nutrient intake and ovarian cancer.

A case-control study was conducted in Utah between 1984 and 1987 to evaluate the effects of nutrient intake on risk of developing ovarian cancer. Detailed dietary intake information was available from 85 first primary ovarian cancer cases and 492 population-based controls. Calories, fat, protein, fiber, and vitamins A and C did not appreciably alter the risk of developing ovarian cancer.

Sexual activity, contraception, genital infections, and cervical cancer: support for a sexually transmitted disease hypothesis.

A case-control study was conducted in Utah between 1984 and 1987 to examine risk factors for cervical cancer. Interviews were completed with 266 histologically confirmed carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous cell cervical cancer cases who were categorically matched by age to 408 controls. Among the factors identified as altering risk for cervical cancer, after adjustment for age, education, church attendance, and cigarette smoking, were: having numerous sex partners (odds ratio (OR) = 8.

An assessment of caloric intake as an indicator of physical activity.

Caloric intake has been suggested as a surrogate measure of physical activity, provided that energy balance is maintained. In this study we assessed caloric intake in relation to other measures of physical activity in a free-living population by a single 24-hr recall in white adult males, ages 22-79 years, examined in 1957-1960 as part of the U.S.