Herbicide Glyphosate: Toxicity and Microbial Degradation.

Glyphosate is a non-specific organophosphate pesticide, which finds widespread application in shielding crops against the weeds. Its high solubility in hydrophilic solvents, especially water and high mobility allows the rapid leaching of the glyphosate into the soil leading to contamination of groundwater and accumulation into the plant tissues, therefore intricating the elimination of the herbicides. Despite the widespread application, only a few percentages of the total applied glyphosate serve the actual purpose, dispensing the rest in the environment, thus resulting in reduced crop yields, low quality agricultural products, deteriorating soil fertility, contributing to water pollution, and consequently threatening human and animal life.

Quetiapine Fumarate Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier for Enhancing Oral Bioavailability: Design, Development and Pharmacokinetic Assessment.

Aims: The study aimed at developing and characterizing Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) of Quetiapine Fumarate (QF) by Design of Experiment (DoE) for the enhancement of bioavailability.

Background: QF, an anti-psychotic drug, has an oral bioavailability of 9% due to hepatic first- pass metabolism necessitating the use of high doses. Its side effects are dose -related and enhancement in bioavailability would result in minimization of side effects.

Development and optimization of nanoemulsion based gel for enhanced transdermal delivery of nitrendipine using box-behnken statistical design.

The purpose of present research was to develop and statistically optimize nitrendipine nanoemulsion gel for transdermal delivery using box-behnken statistical design. The nanoemulsion formulations bearing nitrendipine were prepared by application of ternary phase diagram and spontaneous emulsification method. Box-behnken design was employed for the optimization of nitrendipine loaded nanoemulsion.

Quality by Design Approach for Development and Characterisation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Quetiapine Fumarate.

Background: Quetiapine fumarate, a 2nd generation anti-psychotic drug has oral bioavailability of 9% because of hepatic first pass metabolism. Reports suggest that co-administration of drugs with lipids affects their absorption pathways, enhances lymphatic transport thus bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism resulting in enhanced bioavailability.

Objective: The present work aimed at developing, and characterising potentially lymphatic absorbable Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) of quetiapine fumarate by Quality by Design approach.

Development of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system and solid-self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of telmisartan.

Objective: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) and solid-SMEDDS of telmisartan was aimed at overcoming the problems of poor solubility and bioavailability.

Methodology: The formulation strategy included selection of oil phase based on saturated solubility studies and surfactant and co-surfactant screening on the basis of their emulsification ability. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the self-emulsifying region using a dilution method.

Enhanced transdermal permeability of piroxicam through novel nanoemulgel formulation.

Background: Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug belongs to BCS class II drugs having poor solubility and is associated with a number of undesirable side-effects on the stomach and kidneys in addition to gastric mucosal damage.

Aim: The present work was to develop and characterize nanoemulgel formulation as transdermal delivery system for poorly water soluble drug, in order to overcome the troubles associated with its oral delivery and to circumvent the need of chemical penetration enhancers, which are responsible for causing skin irritation in transdermal drug delivery.

Materials And Methods: Different nanoemulsion components (oil, surfactant and co-surfactant) were selected on the basis of solubility and emulsification ability.

Design and development of cefdinir niosomes for oral delivery.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop nonionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) to improve poor and variable oral bioavailability of cefdinir.

Materials And Methods: Cefdinir niosomes were formulated by sonication method using varying concentration of surfactant (span 60), with and without soya lecithin, but the cholesterol ratio was kept constant in all the formulations. The influence of formulation variables such as surfactant concentration, soya lecithin presence or absence were optimized for size and entrapment efficiency.

Natural oils as skin permeation enhancers for transdermal delivery of olanzapine: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.

The feasibility of development of transdermal delivery system of olanzapine utilizing natural oils as permeation enhancers was investigated. Penetration enhancing potential of corn (maize) oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil on in vitro permeation of olanzapine across rat skin was studied. The magnitude of flux enhancement factor with corn oil, groundnut oil and jojoba oil was 7.

Formulation, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation of matrix-type transdermal patches containing olanzapine.

Transdermal patches of olanzapine were aimed to be prepared to overcome the side effects by oral application. The strategy was formulation of eudragit-based polymeric films to prepare transdermal patches by using nonionic (span-20), anionic (sodium lauryl sulfate), cationic surfactant (benzalkonium chloride), and vegetable oil (olive oil) as permeation enhancers. The patches were subjected to physicochemical, in vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies.