Classifications of Odontoid Process Fractures: A Systematic Review and Proposal of a New Simplified Classification System Based on Embryology.

Odontoid fractures are the most common cervical spine fractures in the elderly. Although many classification systems have been developed for them, the ambiguity in various definitions can potentially lead to misunderstandings. This paper aims to review the terminologies and current classification systems of odontoid fractures and propose a new, simplified anatomical classification.

A comprehensive review of the "supracondylar process" with translation of Adachi.

The supracondylar process is a nonpathological projection from the distal humerus that in some patients, can result in compression of regional neurovascular structures, for example, median nerve. Since the first description of the supracondylar process in 1818, it has also been a focus of anthropological study because of its possible relevance to human origins and relationships to other species. Although its overall incidence is low, it is more common in races of European descent.

The proximal humeral attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii: a cadaveric study and potential site for radial nerve compression.

Background: Knowledge of potential compression sites of peripheral nerves is important to the clinician and surgeon alike. One anatomical location for potential compression of the radial nerve, which is rarely mentioned in the literature, is at the proximal humeral attachment of the lateral head of the triceps brachii at the level of the proximal spiral groove. As no anatomical studies have been devoted to this band, the present study was conducted.

Ulnar nerve subluxation and dislocation: a review of the literature.

The pathogenesis of ulnar nerve subluxation and dislocation is widely debated. Upon elbow flexion, the ulnar nerve slips out of the groove for the ulnar nerve, relocates medial or anterior to the medial epicondyle, and returns to its correct anatomical position upon extension. This chronic condition can cause neuritis or neuropathy; however, it has also been suggested that it protects against neuropathy by reducing tension along the nerve.

Ansa cervicalis: a comprehensive review of its anatomy, variations, pathology, and surgical applications.

The ansa cervicalis is a neural loop in the neck formed by connecting the superior root from the cervical spinal nerves (C1-2) and the inferior root descending from C2-C3. It has various anatomical variations and can be an important acknowledgment in specific operations of the neck region. This is a review the anatomy, variations, pathology and clinical applications of the ansa cervicalis.

Drainage of the basal vein of Rosenthal into the confluence of sinuses.

An adult female was found to have a variation of the left basal vein of Rosenthal after presenting with complaints of headache. The vein, in this case, drained directly into the confluence of sinuses instead of the great vein of Galen. Variation of the basal vein is likely due to the embryonic development of the deep cerebral venous system as primitive structures either differentiate further or regress with age.

The Basal Subarachnoid Cisterns: Surgical and Anatomical Considerations.

The basal subarachnoid cisterns are expansions of the subarachnoid space and transmit cranial nerves and intracranial vessels. Providing neurosurgeons with key concepts, anatomical landmarks, and techniques can result in safer procedures and better patient outcomes. In this review, we discuss the major basal subarachnoid cisterns including their embryology, history, anatomical descriptions, and use during surgical approaches.

Iliolumbar Vein: Anatomy and Surgical Importance During Lateral Transpsoas and Oblique Approaches to Lumbar Spine.

Objective: Safe surgical approaches to the anterolateral lumbar spine require a good working knowledge of the anatomy and anatomic variations of this region. As the iliolumbar vein is in the vicinity of both oblique and lateral transpsoas approaches to the lower lumbar spine, the following study was performed to better elucidate its anatomy, variations, and position during such surgical procedures.

Methods: Fifteen (30 sides) fresh frozen adult cadavers underwent dissection of the iliolumbar vein (ILV).

Defining, diagnosing, clarifying, and classifying the Chiari I malformations.

Purpose: Chiari malformations (CM) have been traditionally classified into four categories: I, II, III, and IV. In light of more recent understandings, variations of the CM have required a modification of this classification.

Methods: This article discusses the presentation, diagnostics, and treatment of the newer forms of hindbrain herniation associated with the CM type I.

The clinical anatomy of crucifixion.

Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions, controversies, and questions, many of which concerned the death of Jesus Christ. To this day, much remains to be discovered in both religious and scientific realms.

A Contralateral Transfalcine Approach to the Mesial Frontoparietal Region and Cingulate Gyrus: A Cadaveric Feasibility Study.

Background: Neurosurgery for lesions located the mesial frontoparietal region and cingulate gyrus may need significant brain retraction, which may cause neural injury. Therefore, the goal of this anatomic study was to evaluate a contralateral transfalcine approach to these regions.

Methods: Eight adult cadaver heads were used in this study.

Internal Morphology of the Odontoid Process: Anatomic and Imaging Study with Application to C2 Fractures.

Objective: Fracture of the odontoid process is a critical injury to diagnose and often treat. The aim of this anatomic study was to present a comprehensive understanding of this part of the C2 vertebra.

Methods: We used 20 C2 vertebrae.