Different memory patterns of digits: a functional MRI study.

Background: Psychological investigations and functional imaging technology have been used to describe neural correlations of different types of memory with various stimuli. Memory with limited storage capacity and a short retention time can be classified as short-term memory (STM) while long-term memory (LTM) can be life-long without defined capacity.

Methods: To identify brain activation pattern associated with different modes of memory for numerical figures, we detected brain activities from twenty-two healthy subjects when performing three types of memory tasks for numbers, namely STM, LTM and working memory (WM), by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique.

Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot resting-state fMRI study.

Background: The marginal division (MrD) is an important subcortical center involved in learning and memory. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is commonly seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), but the neurobiological basis is yet to be elucidated.

Purpose: To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the altered functional connectivity (FC) of the MrD in patients with PD-MCI.

Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in migraine: a resting-state fMRI study.

Background: The marginal division of neostriatum (MrD) is a flat, pan-shaped zone between the neostriatum and the globus pallidus, and previous documents demonstrated that it was involved in the modulation of pain. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of the MrD of the human brain in the chronicization migraine using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI).

Methods: Conventional MRI, 3D structure images, and rs-fMRI were performed in 18 patients with episodic migraines (EM), 16 patients with chronic migraine (CM), 44 patients with medication overuse headache plus chronic migraine (MOH + CM), and 32 normal controls (NC).

Effect of normal aging on the structure of marginal division of neostriatum as measured by MR phase imaging and diffusion tensor imaging.

Purpose: To investigate the structural changes of marginal division (MrD) which is the high intensity zone between globus pallidus and putamen on phase image in the human brain.

Materials And Methods: The structural changes of MrD were investigated based on MR phase imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data at 3.0 Tesla (T) MR scanner in 72 volunteers.

Encoding and Recognition Processing of Chinese Characters: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

This study aimed to investigate the conceptual memory processes that underlie encoding and recognition processing of Chinese characters. Healthy participants (n = 14) performed a semantic-relatedness paradigm using categorically related logogram pairs from four different categories (fruit, animal, tool, and clothing). During intentional encoding, subjects were instructed to make semantic judgments and select category-correlated features to bind and memorize logogram pairs.

New learning and memory related pathways among the hippocampus, the amygdala and the ventromedial region of the striatum in rats.

Background: The hippocampus, central amygdaloid nucleus and the ventromedial region (marginal division) of the striatum have been reported to be involved in the mechanism of learning and memory. This study aimed elucidating anatomical and functional connections among these brain areas during learning and memory.

Results: In the first part of this study, the c-Fos protein was used to explore functional connections among these structures.

The marginal division of the striatum and hippocampus has different role and mechanism in learning and memory.

The memory function of the hippocampal formation (Hip) and the marginal division (MrD) of neostriatum was compared. Rats with bilateral lesions of the MrD either immediate or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to have decrease in correct runs in both groups. However, animals with transected afferent and efferent nerve bundles to isolate the Hip immediately or 24 h after training in Y-maze were found to show a decrease in correct runs only in the group injured immediately after Y-maze training but not in the 24 h group suggesting that MrD is likely involved in the entire process of long-term memory consolidation whereas the Hip only contributes to memory in the early stage.

Similar effects of substance P on learning and memory function between hippocampus and striatal marginal division.

Substance P is an endogenous neurokinin that is present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neuropeptide substance P and its high-affinity receptor neurokinin 1 receptor are known to play an important role in the central nervous system in inflammation, blood pressure, motor behavior and anxiety. The effects of substance P in the hippocampus and the marginal division of the striatum on memory remain poorly understood.

Altered functional connectivity of the marginal division in Alzheimer's disease.

The marginal division (MrD) is a neostriatum subregion that links the limbic system and basal nucleus of Meynert; it is an important subcortical center that is involved in learning and memory. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. AD clinically manifests as gradually progressive cognitive decline with behavioral disorders.

Dissociated brain organization for two-digit addition and subtraction: an fMRI investigation.

The present study compared the patterns of brain activation elicited by two-digit addition and subtraction problems. Thirty-two Chinese undergraduates of the same educational background and of similar age were asked to assess whether arithmetic operations were true or false during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results showed that both complex addition and subtraction were supported by the broad neural system that involved regions within the inferior parietal lobule, the precuneus, and the inferior occipital gyrus, as well as some subcortical structures.

[A study on the neuronal mechanism of retrieval of long-term digital memory in human by functional magnetic resonance imaging].

To investigate the neuronal mechanism of retrieval of long-term digital memory in healthy volunteers, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique was used in the study. Twenty-two right-handed volunteers were subjected to a long-term digital memory test with block-design. The memory task and control task were adopted in the experiment alternatively.

[The brain mechanism of memory encoding and retrieval: a review on the fMRI studies].

Memory encoding and memory retrieval are two important processes of the memory. The main results of studies on the neural basis of the memory encoding and memory retrieval by functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) technique were summarized in this review. The neural basis of memory encoding and retrieval phases varies with different materials, memory types, and age stages.

[Effect of the drug-resistant attenuated Bacillus proteus on CD80 and CD86 protein expression in peripheral blood dendritic cells of hepatitis B patients].

Objective: To explore the effect of the drug-resistant attenuated Bacillus proteus on the protein expression of CD80 and CD86 in peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) of hepatitis B patients.

Method: Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from HBV-infected patients and the DCs were separated and induced to differentiate in vitro. The expression of CD80 and CD86 proteins on cultured DCs were examined using flow cytometry.

[Activated brain areas during simple and complex mental calculation--a functional MRI study].

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study the activated brain areas of human during simple and complex digital calculation, and to investigate the role of cortical and subcortical structures involved in the mental calculation. Sixteen right-handed healthy volunteers performed mental calculation of simple and complex addition/subtraction respectively, while the fMRI data were recorded by a Seimens 1.5 T MR machine.

[Influence of stapedectomy on the hearing of guinea pigs].

Objective: To compare the influences of stapedectomy and small fenestra stapedotomy on the hearing of guinea pigs.

Methods: Twenty-four (48 ears) guinea pigs were randomized equally into two groups, and the left ears were subjected to stapedectomy and total stapes replacement with a prosthesis, or sham operation (12 ears) to expose the footplate of the stapes and the round window. Each guinea pig was tested by ABR perioperatively.

[NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the avoidance learning and memory of rats].

Aim: To investigate whether NR2B-pERK1/2-pElk-1 signaling contributes to the Y-maze learning and memory of rat brain.

Methods: 45 adult male SD rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) Ifenprodil peritoneal injection group (Ifenprodil ip, n = 14); (2) DMSO peritoneal injection group(DMSO ip, n = 15); (3) Ifenprodil cerebral ventricle injection group (Ifenprodil ic, n = 8); (4) DMSO cerebral ventricle injection group(DMSO ic, n = 8). Y-maze training and test were used as an learning and memory enhancing stimulus.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is expressed in amacrine cells of developing human retinas.

Purpose: To examine the expression and cellular distribution pattern of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the developing human retina and to compare its expression with that in rats.

Methods: Expression of eNOS was examined by immunohistochemistry in retinas of humans ranging from 8.5 to 28 weeks of gestation (WG) and of rats.

[Analysis of auditory steady-state response to multiple simultaneous stimuli and cochlea morphology in guinea pigs with posterior semicircular canal fistula].

Objective: To observe the changes of auditory steady-state response (ASSR) threshold in guinea pigs with posterior semicircular canal fistula.

Methods: In 10 guinea pigs, a window was opened in the posterior semicircular canal of the left ear with the right ear serving as the control for testing the ASSR under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium.

Results: The mean and standard deviation of ASSR threshold (dB SPL) at 0.

Expression of c-fos and c-jun proteins in the marginal division of the rat striatum during learning and memory training.

Background: A new brain region, the marginal division (MrD), was discovered at the caudal margin of the neostriatum. The MrD was shown to be involved in learning and memory in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the immediate-early genes c-fos and c-jun in the MrD of the striatum during learning and memory processes in the rat, immunocytochemical and Western blot methods were used to examine Y-maze trained rats.

[Clinical analysis of the relationship between injury of the marginal division and cognitive impairment].

Objective: To investigate the relationship between injury in the marginal division (MrD) of the striatum and the cognitive impairment.

Methods: Twenty patients with injury in the MrD of the striatum were examined routinely by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cognitive tests of each patient were performed and the results evaluated against their MRI findings.

[Role of the marginal division of human neostriatum in working memory capacity for numbers received through hearing: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study].

Objective: With the help with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique, we aim to clarify whether the marginal division of the striatum (MrD) is involved in the working memory function of human brain for remembering numbers received through hearing.

Methods: Thirteen healthy volunteers were instructed to undertake both a working memory task, in which the subjects were asked to remember as many numbers read to them as possible, and a non-working memory control task, in which the subjects were not asked to remember the numbers. FMRI of the brain was performed in the 2 groups while the tests were being carried out separately, and the activity of the brain regions was compared between these 2 tasks.

[Expression of gamma-amino butyric acid and its receptor in the marginal division of rat striatum].

Objective: To investigate the expression of the inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its receptor GABAR (B1) mRNA in the marginal division of rat striatum.

Methods: The expression of GABA and its receptor GABAR (B1) mRNA was studied by way of immunocytochemistry and molecular in situ hybridization method.

Results: Dense GABA-positive immunoreactive fibers and a few positive cells were found in the marginal division of the rat striatum, along with glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-positive fibers and cell bodies.

Immunocytochemical study of the marginal division in human striatum.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the existence of the marginal division in human stritum. METHODS: The cytoar-chitecture and distribution of the neurotransmitters in human fetal striatum were studied using Nissl staining and immuno-cytochemistry. RESULTS: In the sections with Nissl staining, a distinct fusiform cell zone was observed between the putamen and the globus pallidus of the human striatum.

[Hemorrhage in the medial areas of bilateral putamens causing deficiency of memory and calculation: report of one case].

Bilateral cerebral hemorrhages in the medial areas of bilateral putamens that impair the memory and calculation abilities are rare clinical entities. In the case presently reported, the patient suffered initial cerebral hemorrhage 3 years ago in the medial area of putamen on the right side with light left paralysis but the learning and memory functions were intact. A recent cerebral hemorrhage on the left side leaving mild paralysis of the right upper limb, however, had caused considerable loss of his recent memory and calculation ability.