Delusional Unreality and Predictive Processing.

Background: Phenomenological psychopathologists have recently highlighted how people with delusions experience multiple realities (delusional and non-delusional) and have suggested this double bookkeeping cannot be explained via predictive processing. Here, we present data from Kamin blocking and extinction learning that show how predictive processing might, in principle, explain a pervasive sense of dual reality.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved three participant groups: patients with schizophrenia (SZ; n=42), healthy participants with elevated esoteric beliefs (EEB; clairaudient psychics; n=31), and heathy controls (with neither illness nor significant delusional ideation, n=62).

Highly Regioselective Modular Assembly of 3-Phosphonyl Polysubstituted Pyridines through Radical Cascade Cyclization of 1,5-Enynes with Phosphine Oxide by Photoinitiation.

A series of 3-phosphonyl polysubstituted pyridine were first synthesized by photocatalysis, combining a phosphonyl radical cascade reaction, Boc deprotection, and aromatization. This strategy can avoid the difficulties of activating the C3-H bond on pyridine to synthesize 3-phosphonylpyridine under mild conditions. Furthermore, by constructing different enynes, we can achieve the metal-free modular synthesis of 3-phosphonyl polysubstituted pyridine, which will be transferred into a new type of phosphine ligand.

Preliminary Study of White Matter Abnormalities and Associations With the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 to Distinguish Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorders.

Background: Understanding distinct neurobiological mechanisms underlying bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is crucial for accurate diagnosis and the discovery of novel and more effective targeted treatments. Previous diffusion-weighted MRI studies have suggested some common frontotemporal corticolimbic system white matter (WM) abnormalities across the disorders. However, critical to the development of more precise diagnosis and treatment is identifying distinguishing abnormalities.

Kinetic constants and transformation products of ornidazole during ozonation.

Ornidazole (ONZ), a nitroimidazole antibiotic detected in water bodies, may negatively impact the aquatic ecosystem. Its reaction kinetics during ozonation which is a feasible and applicable technology to control the contamination of emerging contaminants, however, has not been reported in literature. In this study, we measured the apparent second-order kinetic constant of ONZ with ozone molecules via the excessive ozone method and the competing method which led to an average value of 103.

Binge drinking is associated with higher cortisol and lower hippocampal and prefrontal gray matter volume: Prospective association with future alcohol intake.

Background: Cortisol is a significant driver of the biological stress response that is potently activated by acute alcohol intake and increased with binge drinking. Binge drinking is associated with negative social and health consequences and risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). Both cortisol levels and AUD are also associated with changes in hippocampal and prefrontal regions.

Hydroxyl radicals can significantly influence the toxicity of ofloxacin transformation products during ozonation.

Ozonation is often applied to eliminate the recalcitrant contaminants in water. During the process, toxic transformation products (TPs) can be generated mainly via the reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, the toxicity difference between the TPs generated from O and OH has not been well elucidated.

Microbial Debromination of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers by -Containing Enrichment Culture.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), commonly used as flame retardants in a wide variety of consumer products, are emerging persistent pollutants and ubiquitously distributed in the environment. The lack of proper bacterial populations to detoxify these recalcitrant pollutants, in particular of higher brominated congeners, has confounded the attempts to bioremediate PBDE-contaminated sites. In this study, we report a -containing enrichment culture, PB, which completely debrominates 0.

Pretreatment Brain Connectome Fingerprint Predicts Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) treatment is characterized by low remission rate and often involves weeks to months of treatment. Identification of pretreatment biomarkers of response may play a critical role in novel drug development, in enhanced prognostic predictions, and perhaps in providing more personalized medicine. Using a network restricted strength predictive modeling (NRS-PM) approach, the goal of the current study was to identify pretreatment functional connectome fingerprints (CFPs) that (1) predict symptom improvement regardless of treatment modality and (2) predict treatment specific improvement.

Altered Functional Connectivity in Resting State Networks in Tourette's Disorder.

Brain regions are anatomically and functionally interconnected in order to facilitate important functions like cognition and movement. It remains incompletely understood how brain connectivity contributes to the pathophysiology of Tourette's disorder (TD). By using resting-state functional MRI, we aimed to identify alterations in the default mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal network (FPN), sensori-motor network (SMN), and salience network (SN) in TD compared with healthy control (HC) subjects.

Trans-diagnostic comparison of response inhibition in Tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Objectives: Impaired response inhibition is related to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Tourette's disorder (TD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Unlike OCD, in which neural correlates of response inhibition have been extensively studied, TD literature is limited. By using a Stop-Signal task, we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying response inhibition deficits in TD compared to OCD and healthy controls (HCs).

Abnormalities in metabolite concentrations in tourette's disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder-A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Introduction: Abnormal glutamatergic transmission in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of Tourette's disorder (TD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the current study aimed to investigate regional concentrations of glutamatergic compounds in TD and OCD patients in comparison to healthy control subjects (HC).

Material And Methods: Twenty-three TD patients, 20 OCD patients and 22 HC were included.

TS-EUROTRAIN: A European-Wide Investigation and Training Network on the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome.

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is characterized by the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics with a fluctuating course of intensity, frequency, and severity. Up to 90% of patients with GTS present with comorbid conditions, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), thus providing an excellent model for the exploration of shared etiology across disorders. TS-EUROTRAIN (FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN, Grant Agr.

Mild White Matter Changes in Un-medicated Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Patients and Their Unaffected Siblings.

Objective: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with moderate genetic influences and white matter abnormalities in frontal-striatal and limbic regions. Inconsistencies in reported white matter results from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies can be explained, at least partly, by medication use and between-group differences in disease profile and stage. We used a family design aiming to establish whether white matter abnormalities, if present in un-medicated OCD patients, also exist in their unaffected siblings.

Neural responses to facial expressions support the role of the amygdala in processing threat.

The amygdala is known to play an important role in the response to facial expressions that convey fear. However, it remains unclear whether the amygdala's response to fear reflects its role in the interpretation of danger and threat, or whether it is to some extent activated by all facial expressions of emotion. Previous attempts to address this issue using neuroimaging have been confounded by differences in the use of control stimuli across studies.