Identification of macaque dendritic cell precursors in blood and tissue reveals their dysregulation in early SIV infection.

Distinct dendritic cell (DC) subsets play important roles in shaping immune responses. Circulating DC precursors (pre-DCs) are more susceptible to HIV infection in vitro, which may explain the inefficiency of immune responses against HIV. However, the interplay between HIV and pre-DC is not defined in vivo.

Leukocyte Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors in Regulating the Immune Response in Infectious Diseases: A Window of Opportunity to Pathogen Persistence and a Sound Target in Therapeutics.

Immunoregulatory receptors are essential for orchestrating an immune response as well as appropriate inflammation in infectious and non-communicable diseases. Among them, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) consist of activating and inhibitory receptors that play an important role in regulating immune responses modulating the course of disease progression. On the one hand, inhibitory LILRs constitute a safe-guard system that mitigates the inflammatory response, allowing a prompt return to immune homeostasis.

Mass Cytometry Analysis Reveals Complex Cell-State Modifications of Blood Myeloid Cells During HIV Infection.

Dendritic cells (DC), which are involved in orchestrating early immune responses against pathogens, are dysregulated in their function by HIV infection. This dysregulation likely contributes to tip the balance toward viral persistence. Different DC subpopulations, including classical (cDCs) and plasmacytoid (pDCs) dendritic cells, are subjected to concomitant inflammatory and immunoregulatory events during HIV infection, which hampers the precise characterization of their regulation through classical approaches.

Mass Cytometry Analysis Reveals the Landscape and Dynamics of CD32a CD4 T Cells From Early HIV Infection to Effective cART.

CD32a has been proposed as a specific marker of latently HIV-infected CD4 T cells. However, CD32a was recently found to be expressed on CD4 T cells of healthy donors, leading to controversy on the relevance of this marker in HIV persistence. Here, we used mass cytometry to characterize the landscape and variation in the abundance of CD32a CD4 T cells during HIV infection.

Early SIV and HIV infection promotes the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs.

Classical dendritic cells (cDCs) play a pivotal role in the early events that tip the immune response toward persistence or viral control. In vitro studies indicate that HIV infection induces the dysregulation of cDCs through binding of the LILRB2 inhibitory receptor to its MHC-I ligands and the strength of this interaction was proposed to drive disease progression. However, the dynamics of the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs during early immune responses against HIV are yet unknown.