Contrasting the distribution kinetics of microplastics and nanoplastics in medaka following exposure and depuration.

Direct ingestion of micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) results in significant accumulation in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish. The breathing process of fish makes MNPs easily retained in their gills. However, the uptake of MNPs in other fish organs remains largely unknown, let alone their kinetic processes.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Profiling Cellular Heterogeneity and Specific Responses of Fish Gills to Microplastics and Nanoplastics.

Fish gills are highly sensitive organs for microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) invasions, but the cellular heterogeneity of fish gills to MPs and NPs remains largely unknown. We employed single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the responses of individual cell populations in tilapia gills to MP and NP exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration. Based on the detected differentially expressed gene (DEG) numbers, the most affected immune cells by MP exposure were macrophages, while the stimulus of NPs primarily targeted T cells.

Microplastics and nanoplastics induced differential respiratory damages in tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus.

With the increasing micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) pollution in aquatic environments, fish respiration is encountering a huge threat. Herein, polystyrene (PS) MNPs with three sizes (80 nm, 2 µm, and 20 µm) were exposed to tilapia Oreochromis niloticus at an environmentally relevant concentration of 100 μg/L for 28 days and their impacts on respiratory function were investigated. Based on the results of oxygen consumption and histological analysis, all the three treatments could induce respiratory damages and such impacts were more severe for the 2 µm and 20 µm treatments than for the 80 nm treatment.

Unveiling the Microfiber Release Footprint: Guiding Control Strategies in the Textile Production Industry.

Microplastic fibers from textiles have been known to significantly contribute to marine microplastic pollution. However, little is known about the microfiber formation and discharge during textile production. In this study, we have quantified microfiber emissions from one large and representative textile factory during different stages, spanning seven different materials, including cotton, polyester, and blended fabrics, to further guide control strategies.

Physiological and immune profiling of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus gills by high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing.

The physiological and immune functions of fish gills are largely recognized, but their following functional heterogeneity at the single cell scale has been rarely reported. Here, we performed single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the gills of tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus. We identified a total of 12 cell populations and analyzed their functional heterogeneity.

Importance of the average radius of coal particles on determining the methane diffusion coefficient.

The average radius of coal particles is an estimate of the diffusion path in the particle method for determining the diffusion coefficient. It is currently calculated using the arithmetic mean of coal particle sieved intervals. This calculation, however, ignores the coal particle size distribution, resulting in significant deviations when calculating the gas diffusion coefficient.

In utero metabolomic signatures of refined grain intake and risk of gestational diabetes: A metabolome-wide association study.

Background: Epidemiologic evidence has linked refined grain intake to a higher risk of gestational diabetes (GDM), but the biological underpinnings remain unclear.

Objectives: We aimed to identify and validate refined grain-related metabolomic biomarkers for GDM risk.

Methods: In a metabolome-wide association study of 91 cases with GDM and 180 matched controls without GDM (discovery set) nested in the prospective Pregnancy Environment and Lifestyle Study (PETALS), refined grain intake during preconception and early pregnancy and serum untargeted metabolomics were assessed at gestational weeks 10-13.

Disturbing ion regulation and excretion in medaka (Oryzias melastigma) gills by microplastics: Insights from the gut-gill axis.

The accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in fish gills has been widely recognized, however, whether such stress could thereby impact the physiological responses of fish gills is still unknown. Here, we investigated the impacts of three sizes (400 nm, 4 μm, 20 μm) of polystyrene (PS) MPs on (Na, K, Cl) ions regulation and ammonia excretion in medaka Oryzias melastigma. Significantly increased net Na and K flux rates were observed transiently during 0-3 h and 3-9 h, but not during 9-24 h.

How phytoplankton biomass controls metal(loid) bioaccumulation in size-fractionated plankton in anthropogenic-impacted subtropical lakes: A comprehensive study in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Phytoplankton biomass can significantly affect metal(loid) bioaccumulation in plankton, but the underlying mechanisms are still controversial. We investigated the bioaccumulation of eight metal(loid)s (As, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn) in three size categories of planktonic organisms - seston (0.7-64 μm), mesozooplankton (200-500 μm), and macrozooplankton (>500 μm) - sampled from six freshwater lakes in two seasons in the Yangtze River Delta, China.

Immunomodulatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 Against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice.

Ginsenoside Rb2 (Rb2), a fundamental saponin produced and isolated from ginseng ( C.A. Meyer), has a wide range of biological actions.

Protective Effect of Ginsenosides from Stems and Leaves of against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Damage via Multiple Molecular Mechanisms.

Although growing evidence has shown that ginsenosides from stems and leaves of (GSLS) exercise a protective impact on the central nervous system, in the model of memory damage induced by scopolamine, it is still rarely reported. Thus, the mechanism of action needs to be further explored. This study was to investigate the effect of GSLS on scopolamine (SCOP)-induced memory damage and the underlying mechanism.

Panos-Fermented Extract-Mediated Nanoemulsion: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects on RAW 264.7 Cells.

This study focused on developing Panos nanoemulsion (P-NE) and enhancing the anti-inflammatory efficacy for the treatment of inflammation. The effects of P-NE were evaluated in terms of Nitric oxide (NO production) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced RAW 264.7 cells, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation using Human Keratinocyte cells (HaCaT), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis.

Experimental Study on the Wettability of Coal with Different Metamorphism Treated by Surfactants for Coal Dust Control.

Wet dedusting is the main coal dust suppression technique in coal mines, and coal wettability is the main factor affecting dust suppression efficiency. To investigate the main factors affecting the coal wettability and improve it, the coal-water contact angle was used as an index to characterize the coal wettability, and the wettability of six coal samples with different metamorphic degree was studied by analyzing the relationship between the physicochemical properties and the contact angle. To improve the coal wettability, the nonionic surfactant alkyl polyglycoside (APG), anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and polymer surfactant polyacrylamide (PAM) were applied to the coal samples.

Associations of household food insufficiency with childhood depression and anxiety: a nationwide cross-sectional study in the USA.

Objective: Household food insufficiency (HFIS) is a major public health threat to children. Children may be particularly vulnerable to HFIS as a psychological stressor due to their rapid growth and accelerated behavioural and cognitive states, whereas data focusing on HFIS and childhood mental disorders are as-yet sparse. We aimed to examine the associations of HFIS with depression and anxiety in US children.

Elevated temperature and browning increase dietary methylmercury, but decrease essential fatty acids at the base of lake food webs.

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature and organic matter supply from land to water, which affect trophic transfer of nutrients and contaminants in aquatic food webs. How essential nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and potentially toxic contaminants, such as methylmercury (MeHg), at the base of aquatic food webs will be affected under climate change scenarios, remains unclear. The objective of this outdoor mesocosm study was to examine how increased water temperature and terrestrially-derived dissolved organic matter supply (tDOM; i.

Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Ro on the Growth of B16F10 Melanoma via Its Metabolites.

Ginsenoside Ro (Ro), a major saponin derived and isolated from C.A. Meyer, exerts multiple biological activities.

Synergistic effect of PB2 283M and 526R contributes to enhanced virulence of H5N8 influenza viruses in mice.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus has caused considerable economic losses to poultry industry and poses a great threat to public health. Our previous study revealed two genetically similar HPAI H5N8 viruses displaying completely different virulence in mice. However, the molecular basis for viral pathogenicity to mammals remains unknown.

Influence of B-Complex Vitamins on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rg, Rb, and Ro After Oral Administration.

After cultivation of ginseng, ginsenosides, which are the major active ingredients of gingeng, were approved for use by the food industry, and began to be used as added functional ingredients to try to improve the quality and price of functional foods. However, the interaction between different types of ginsenosides and nutrients needs further study. We investigated the effect of B-complex vitamins (which are essential nutrients) on the pharmacokinetics of the ginsenosides protopanaxatriol-type saponin Rg, protopanaxadiol-type saponin Rb, and oleanolic acid-type saponin Ro after oral administration.

5-HMF Attenuates Liver Fibrosis in CCl-Plus-Alcohol-Induced Mice by Suppression of Oxidative Stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5-HMF) on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl) and alcohol. Male ICR mice were treated with CCl dissolved in olive oil (10% v/v, 2.5 μg/L) intraperitoneally (i.

The effect of the NMDA receptor-dependent signaling pathway on cell morphology and melanosome transfer in melanocytes.

Background: The pigmentation of skin and hair in mammals is driven by the intercellular transfer of melanosome from the melanocyte to surrounding keratinocytes However, the detailed molecular mechanism is still a subject of investigation.

Objective: To investigate the effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent signaling pathway on melanocyte morphologic change and melanosome transfer between melanocytes and keratinocytes.

Methods: The expression and the intracellular distribution of NMDA receptor in human melanocyte were analyzed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining.

Curcumin induces autophagy, inhibits proliferation and invasion by downregulating AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in human melanoma cells.

Melanoma is the foremost malignant cutaneous cancer and it is extremely resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Curcumin is an active component of turmeric, the yellow spice derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, and is widely known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerogenic properties. Several recent studies suggest that curcumin induces apoptosis by modulating multiple signaling pathways to exert its anticancer effect.

A new phenylethanoid glycoside from Orobanche cernua Loefling.

A novel phenylethanoid glycoside, 3'-O-methyl isocrenatoside (1), along with two known compounds, methyl caffeate (2) and protocatechuic aldehyde (3), were isolated from the fresh whole plant of Orobanche cernua Loefling. All the isolated compounds (1-3) were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including IR, MS and NMR data. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated.

The Protecting Effect of Deoxyschisandrin and Schisandrin B on HaCaT Cells against UVB-Induced Damage.

Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine that has multiple biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, tonic, and anti-aging effects. Deoxyschisandrin (SA) and schisandrin B (SB), the two major lignans isolated from S. chinensis, exert high antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo by scavenging free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS).