Avoiding hindsight in non-obviousness determination: case law review of pharmaceutical patents and guidance from the KSR v Teleflex decision.

: Hindsight bias is the tendency to estimate an outcome once it is known. Legal systems are often prone to hindsight bias. In patent law, the non-obviousness or inventive step is the most critical determinant of patentability and often subjected to hindsight bias.

Unlocking the concealed targets using system biology mapping for Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a neural loss in histology of brain with involvement of complex genomic and environmental factors. Accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and phosphorylated tau are indicative of progression and cognitive decline. Hence an understanding of the underlying biological pathways and targets along with associated mechanisms would be useful for the development of improved therapeutics for treating AD.

Secondary patents: innovator and generic strategies.

The global pharmaceutical industry consists of innovators and generics. Innovators focus on drug discovery, and bring new drugs into the marketplace after filing the new drug applications. In contrast, the generics enter the market by making a bioequivalent product by filing abbreviated new drug applications.

Nonobviousness of pharmaceutical inventions: implications for patent prosecution and litigation.

Nonobviousness is the most critical patentability criterion. Patents covering new molecular entities and second-generation molecules in the pharmaceutical industry are often challenged for obviousness during prosecution and/or litigation. In such situations, the patentee has to either reject or rebut the same by clear and convincing evidence or demonstrate unexpected results, to establish nonobviousness.

Natural Products based P-glycoprotein Activators for Improved β-amyloid Clearance in Alzheimer's Disease: An in silico Approach.

Alzheimer's disease is an age related disorder and is defined to be progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disease. The potential targets which are associated with the Alzheimer's disease are cholinesterases, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, Beta secretase 1, Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp). P-glycoprotein is a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family, which is an important integral of the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid and the blood-testis barrier.

Therapeutic and cosmetic applications of Evodiamine and its derivatives--A patent review.

Evodiamine, ((+)-(S)-8,13,13b,14-tetrahydro-14-methylindolo[2',3':3,4]pyrido[2,1-b]quinazolin-5(7H)-one) indoloquinazoline alkaloid, is the major component isolated from the fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa, family Rutaceae. Broad spectrum of pharmacological activities of Evodiamine suggests its imperative role in treating a variety of diseases influencing the function of diverse targets. A comprehensive search was carried out to collect patent information regarding Evodiamine and its derivatives using different patent databases covering priority years to till date.

Patent analysis as a tool for research planning: study on natural based therapeutics against cancer stem cells.

Medicines developed from traditional systems are well known for their various important pharmaceutical uses. Cancer has been known since ancient times and has been mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic books. Thus natural based products play a significant role in cancer chemotherapeutics.

Therapeutic and cosmetic applications of mangiferin: a patent review.

Introduction: Mangiferin, a natural C-glucoside xanthone [2-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 3, 6, 7-tetrahydroxyxanthone], is abundantly present in young leaves and stem bark of the mango tree. The xanthonoid structure of mangiferin with C-glycosyl linkage and polyhydroxy components contributes to its free radical-scavenging ability, leading to a potent antioxidant effect as well as multiple biological activities.

Areas Covered: An extensive search was carried out to collect patent information on mangiferin and its derivatives using various patent databases spanning all priority years to date.

Phyto-chemical and pharmacological applications of Berberis aristata.

In the recent years, the interest and research in medicinal plants have increased in a great deal. Ayurvedic medicines and formulations developed from ancient Indian herbal systems are renowned for their various important applications. Berberis aristata - an Indian medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Berberidaceae is an ayurvedic herb used since ancient times.