Synthesis and characterization of 3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTATz): novel high-nitrogen content insensitive high energy material.

This paper reports the synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies of 3,6-bis(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylamino)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (BTATz) and 3-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-ylamino)-6-(3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)-s-tetrazine monohydrate (TADPTz). The synthesized BTATz and TADPTz have been characterized by spectroscopic techniques and the data obtained confirm their structure. TGA and DSC results suggested that BTATz decomposes in the range 265-350 degrees C and TADPTz in the range 245-275 degrees C respectively.

Environmentally compatible next generation green energetic materials (GEMs).

This paper briefly reviews the literature work reported on the environmentally compatible green energetic materials (GEMs) for defence and space applications. Currently, great emphasis is laid in the field of high-energy materials (HEMs) to increase the environmental stewardship along with the deliverance of improved performance. This emphasis is especially strong in the areas of energetic materials, weapon development, processing, and disposal operations.

Computer code to predict the heat of explosion of high energy materials.

The computational approach to the thermochemical changes involved in the process of explosion of a high energy materials (HEMs) vis-à-vis its molecular structure aids a HEMs chemist/engineers to predict the important thermodynamic parameters such as heat of explosion of the HEMs. Such a computer-aided design will be useful in predicting the performance of a given HEM as well as in conceiving futuristic high energy molecules that have significant potential in the field of explosives and propellants. The software code viz.

Electro-analysis of energetic materials.

Cyclic voltammetric studies of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN), 3,3'-hydrazino bis(bis[6,6'-(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-lyl])-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (HBPT), 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) and 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan (DAAF) were carried out at different pH conditions in 50% aqueous acetonitrile using glassy carbon electrode. Optimum pH was selected for individual compounds. Influence of scan rate and concentration on the voltammetric response were studied in optimum pH.

Preparation and thermal studies on tetranitrodibenzo tetraazapentalene (TACOT): a thermally stable high explosive.

Thermally stable high explosive, tetranitro-2,3,5,6-dibenzo-1,3a,4,6a-tetraazapentalene (TACOT) was synthesized and characterized during this work. Thermo analytical techniques (TG and DSC) were applied to study the thermal decomposition behaviour of TACOT in comparison with benchmark thermally stable high explosive 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB). Kinetic parameters such as reaction order, activation energy and pre-exponential factors were computed from the thermal data.

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on new derivatives of 2,4,5-trinitroimidazoles: potential insensitive high energy materials.

This paper reports the synthesis of three new derivatives of 2,4,5-trinitroimidazole namely, 1-methyl-2,4,5-trinitroimidazole (III), 1-carboethoxy-2,4,5-trinitroimidazole (V) and 1-picryl-2,4,5-trinitroimidazole (VII). The title compounds (III) and (V) were synthesized by the nitration of 1-methyl-/1-carboethoxy-(2,4,5-triiodoimidazole) (II and IV) with fuming nitric acid at 0 degrees C and (VII) was synthesized by condensation of 2,4,5-triiodoimidazole (I) with picryl chloride to obtain 1-picryl-2,4,5-triiodoimidazole (VI) followed by its nitration with fuming nitric acid at 0 degrees C. The synthesized compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, spectral and thermal techniques.

Study on ultrasound assisted precipitation of CL-20 and its effect on morphology and sensitivity.

Applying ultrasound to crystallizing systems offers significant advantages for modifying and improving the processes as well as quality of products. This paper reports on ultrasound assisted reprecipitation of CL-20 to obtain fine particles as well as to achieve desired morphology, which will improve insensitivity characteristics. In this study, CL-20 has been reprecipitated by sonication process and has been characterized by DSC, SEM and particle size analysis.

Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on triazole and tetrazole based high nitrogen content high energy materials.

This paper reports the synthesis, characterisation and thermolysis studies of hydrazinium azotetrazolate (HAZ) and 1,1'-dinitro-3,3'-azo-1,2,4-triazole (N-DNAT). TGA and DSC results suggested that HAZ decomposes in the range of 150-180 degrees C and N-DNAT in the range of 160-170 degrees C, respectively. The pattern of decomposition of HAZ dihydrate and N-DNAT has been predicted with the help of pyrolysis GC/MS technique and a probable decomposition mechanism has been proposed.

Computer code for the optimization of performance parameters of mixed explosive formulations.

LOTUSES is a novel computer code, which has been developed for the prediction of various thermodynamic properties such as heat of formation, heat of explosion, volume of explosion gaseous products and other related performance parameters. In this paper, we report LOTUSES (Version 1.4) code which has been utilized for the optimization of various high explosives in different combinations to obtain maximum possible velocity of detonation.

Prediction of heat of formation and related parameters of high energy materials.

Heat of formation is one of the most important parameters in the performance prediction of explosive and propellant formulations and their individual ingredients. This paper reports the development of user-friendly computer code for the prediction of heat of formation based on two approaches. In first methodology, the logic of Benson's Group additivity method and in the second method, the logic of Pedley method was used for predicting the heats of formation of high energy materials (HEMs).

Establishment of process technology for the manufacture of dinitrogen pentoxide and its utility for the synthesis of most powerful explosive of today--CL-20.

This paper reviews the recent work done on the synthesis as well as characterization of dinitrogen pentoxide (DNPO). The physico-chemical characteristics of DNPO are also discussed. The review brings out the key aspects of N2O5 technology with relevance to realize modern and novel HEMs.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal studies on furazan- and tetrazine-based high energy materials.

This paper reports the synthesis of high energy materials (HEMs) viz. 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan (DAAF), 3,3s'-azobis(6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine) [DAAT] and 1,4-dihydrazino tetrazine (DHTz). The products obtained were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra.

Computer simulation for prediction of performance and thermodynamic parameters of high energy materials.

A new code viz., Linear Output Thermodynamic User-friendly Software for Energetic Systems (LOTUSES) developed during this work predicts the theoretical performance parameters such as density, detonation factor, velocity of detonation, detonation pressure and thermodynamic properties such as heat of detonation, heat of explosion, volume of explosion gaseous products. The same code also assists in the prediction of possible explosive decomposition products after explosion and power index.

Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics: adsorption of phenol from water and wastewater by palm seed coat activated carbon.

Adsorption studies for phenol removal from aqueous solution on activated palm seed coat carbon (PSCC) were carried out under varying experimental conditions of contact time, phenol concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. Adsorption equilibrium was reached within 3 h for phenolic concentrations 10-60 mg l(-1). Kinetics of adsorption obeyed a first order rate equation.

Removal of phenol from aqueous solution and resin manufacturing industry wastewater using an agricultural waste: rubber seed coat.

Activated carbon prepared from rubber seed coat (RSCC), an agricultural waste by-product, has been used for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution. In this work, adsorption of phenol on rubber seed coat activated carbon has been studied by using batch and column studies. The equilibrium adsorption level was determined to be a function of the solution pH, adsorbent dosage and contact time.

Lipid peroxidation in the rat uterus during deciduoma induced cell differentiation.

The influence of deciduoma-induced differentiation on the lipid peroxidation in the rat uterus was investigated. The wet weight of uterus and its protein content increased during deciduoma progression. Content of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as lipid peroxidation induced by ascorbate and cumene hydroperoxide showed significant decreases during deciduoma growth.

Effect of cycloheximide on deciduoma morphogenesis and implantation in rats.

Intraperitoneal administration of cycloheximide (1 mg/kg body weight) to rats immediately after an artificial deciduoma induction inhibits the development of decidual tissue. Besides inhibiting the differentiation of stromal to decidual cells, wet weight and levels of uterine protein and RNA are low following the antibiotic treatment. Injection of the drug (1 mg/kg body weight) into pregnant rats, either on the eve of Day 4 or in the morning of Day 5 of pregnancy, does not prevent implantation but interferes with the growth of embryos.

Effect of whole-body x-irradiation on the morphogenesis of rat deciduoma.

Exposure of rats to whole-body X-irradiation (600 R) within 30 minutes of artificial induction of deciduoma resulted in impaired growth of deciduoma involving both endometrium and myometrium. Protein synthesis in endometrium was low 2 days after X-irradiation when compared with unirradiated controls. In addition, levels of RNA and DNA were low in the endometrium of irradiated rats.

Protein anabolism in endometrium and myometrium during the growth of induced deciduoma in rats.

Protein anabolism in the endometrium and myometrium was studied during the growth of induced deciduoma in terms of incorporation of [14C]-leucine into proteins. The data show that the specific activity of the proteins was highest 2 days after decidualisation. Protein synthesis in the endometrium studied on that day as a function of time after injection of the labelled amino acid showed a steady increase during the first 2 h.