Correlation Between Indoxyl Sulfate in Chronic Kidney Disease and Olfactory Dysfunction.

Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction is prevalent among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with prevalence escalating alongside disease severity. The uremic toxin we observed in this study is Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a potent uremic toxin that markedly accumulates in the plasma of patients with chronic insufficiency. Olfactory damage may occur in the setting of neuronal damage due to renal failure.

Risk Factors for Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Introduction: Patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) often experience olfactory dysfunction; however, the relationship between disease duration and comorbidities remains unclear.

Materials And Methods: An analytical observational study was conducted at the Endocrinology and Metabolic Polyclinicof the H. Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan.