Evaluation of toxicity profile of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) decoction in rats.

Mitragyna speciosa Korth also known as kratom, is an herbal drug preparation for its therapeutic properties and opioid-replacement therapy. Kratom is consumed in a brewed decoction form in Malaysia and to date, no studies have characterized its chemical and toxicity profile. Thus, this study aims to evaluate kratom decoction's safety and toxicity profile after 28 days of treatment.

Analgesic effects of main indole alkaloid of kratom, mitragynine in acute pain animal model.

Mitragynine exerts its analgesic effect mainly via opioid receptors activation. Additionally, the effect may be mediated via mitragynine's anti-inflammatory property and non-opioid receptor pain pathways, namely through the TRPV1 receptor. No studies identify hitherto, hence, the current study aimed to investigate the mitragynine's analgesic effect via the anti-inflammatory property, non-opioid receptor (TRPV1) and the effective dose (ED) to alleviate pain.

Embelin Improves the Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second most occurring neurological disorder after stroke and is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, possibly contributing to cognitive impairment. In the present study, neuroprotective and anti-AD effects of embelin were evaluated in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rat model using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. Rats were administered with embelin at doses of 0.