Mechanotransduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) during cardiomyocytes differentiation.

Cardiac muscle cells have an innate capacity to perceive and react to mechanical strain via a mechanism known as mechanotransduction, whereby the cardiac muscle cells are intrinsically capable of sensing and responding to mechanical strain. This process occurs in the heart when mechanical inputs are converted to biochemical processes that result in myocardial structure and function changes. Mechanotransduction and its downstream effects work as compensatory mechanisms during early load adaptation.

Mechanotransduction in Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Differentiation: A Review.

Mechanotransduction is the process by which physical force is converted into a biochemical signal that is used in development and physiology; meanwhile, it is intended for the ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces by activating intracellular signals transduction pathways and the relative phenotypic adaptation. It encompasses the role of mechanical stimuli for developmental, morphological characteristics, and biological processes in different organs; the response of cells to mechanically induced force is now also emerging as a major determinant of disease. Due to fluid shear stress caused by blood flowing tangentially across the lumen surface, cells of the cardiovascular system are typically exposed to a variety of mechanotransduction.

Regenerative Medicine Therapy in Malaysia: An Update.

Regenerative medicine is a field in medicine that relates to the ability to correct congenital anomalies and to repair or replace tissues and organs that have been destroyed by age, disease, or trauma. To date, promising preclinical and clinical data supported the possibility of using regenerative medicine to treat both chronic diseases and acute insults, as well as maladies affecting a wide range of organ systems and contexts, such as dermal wounds, cardiovascular diseases and traumas, cancer treatments, and more. One of the regenerative medicine therapies that have been used widely is stem cells.

CAR-T Cells/-NK Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy and the Potential of MSC to Enhance Its Efficacy: A Review.

The chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) plays a dynamic role in targeting tumour-associated antigens in cancer cells. This novel therapeutic discovery combines fragments of monoclonal antibodies with the signalling and co-stimulatory domains that have been modified to its current fourth generation. CAR has been widely implemented in T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells immunotherapy.

Immunomodulation and Regenerative Capacity of MSCs for Long-COVID.

The rapid mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is now a major concern with no effective drugs and treatments. The severity of the disease is linked to the induction of a cytokine storm that promotes extensive inflammation in the lung, leading to many acute lung injuries, pulmonary edema, and eventually death. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might prove to be a treatment option as they have immunomodulation and regenerative properties.

The Intra- and Extra-Telomeric Role of TRF2 in the DNA Damage Response.

Telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) has a well-known function at the telomeres, which acts to protect the telomere end from being recognized as a DNA break or from unwanted recombination. This protection mechanism prevents DNA instability from mutation and subsequent severe diseases caused by the changes in DNA, such as cancer. Since TRF2 actively inhibits the DNA damage response factors from recognizing the telomere end as a DNA break, many more studies have also shown its interactions outside of the telomeres.

Is There an Interconnection between Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Telomere Shortening in Aging?

Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) was first discovered during the transition of cells from the primitive streak during embryogenesis in chicks. It was later discovered that EMT holds greater potential in areas other than the early development of cells and tissues since it also plays a vital role in wound healing and cancer development. EMT can be classified into three types based on physiological functions.

OCT4 and PAX6 determine the dual function of SOX2 in human ESCs as a key pluripotent or neural factor.

Background: Sox2 is a well-established pluripotent transcription factor that plays an essential role in establishing and maintaining pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). It is also thought to be a linage specifier that governs PSC neural lineage specification upon their exiting the pluripotent state. However, the exact role of SOX2 in human PSCs was still not fully understood.