A convoluted path to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting.

Worldwide, chronic hepatitis B virus infection remains the main aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma, while human immunodeficiency virus may hasten the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma in those co-infected with hepatitis B virus/human immunodeficiency virus. We describe a 29-year-old female with unmonitored hepatitis B virus infection for over 5 years, human immunodeficiency virus disease on a tenofovir-based antiretroviral regimen for 11 months, who presented with a 2-week history of epistaxis and abnormal vaginal bleeding, associated with unintentional weight loss of 4 months duration. After extensive investigation, a definitive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was established based on histopathological assessment in the presence of a positive hepatitis B envelope antigen, mildly raised alpha feto-protein, and a non-cirrhotic liver.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: periodontal conditions.

Ten years after completion of the first national oral health survey, a second national oral health survey was carried out in 1995. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3,709 persons being examined. WHO's oral health assessment form and CPITN index was used.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: dental caries situation.

Ten years after completion of the first national oral health survey, the second such survey was carried out in 1995. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3,709 persons being examined according to the WHO oral health assessment form and criteria. The background variables studied were age, gender, type of location, socio-economic status.

National oral health survey Zimbabwe 1995: quality of restorations.

In 1995, a second national oral health survey was carried out, ten years after the first. Application of a multi-stage sampling procedure resulted in 3709 persons being examined. The restorations were assessed using the criteria described by Kroeze et al (1990).

ART restorations and glass ionomer sealants in Zimbabwe: survival after 3 years.

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) consists of removing demineralised tooth tissues with hand instruments only, restoring the prepared cavity and sealing the adjacent pits and fissures with an adhesive filling material. This relatively painless, no-handpiece, minimal intervention approach to controlling dental caries is described. ART was applied in an oral health care programme in Zimbabwe that was carried out amongst secondary school students from 1994 to 1997.

Three-year survival of one-surface ART restorations and glass-ionomer sealants in a school oral health programme in Zimbabwe.

An oral health care programme in secondary schools using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach for dental caries was started in 1993. Glass ionomer (restorative type II, 1) was used as the restorative and sealant material. Sealants were placed using the 'press-finger' technique.

Oral health status among secondary school students in Harare, Zimbabwe.

In 1993 a demonstration oral care programme to evaluate the ART procedure for dental caries under field conditions began among secondary school students in Greater Harare. The programme was preceded by an oral epidemiological survey. Of the 569 students examined, with a mean age of 13.

Atraumatic restorative treatment and glass-ionomer sealants in a school oral health programme in Zimbabwe: evaluation after 1 year.

An oral health care programme in secondary schools using the atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) technique for dental caries was started in 1993. Glass-ionomer was used as the restorative and sealant material. Sealants were placed using the "press finger' technique.

Good teeth without dentists.

A pilot programme of preventive dental care is reported from Zimbabwe. The target groups were schoolchildren, who were approached through the school health system, and preschool children who were reached via community-based health workers. Educational materials and methods were worked out in close collaboration with local staff.

Oral health manpower projection methods and their implications for developing countries: the case of Zimbabwe.

Manpower projections for oral health are generally held to be more accurate than those for other health sectors since the diseases involved and their treatment times can be predicted more precisely. Nevertheless most oral health manpower projections are either overestimates or are not in line with the resources of individual countries, especially in developing countries. Zimbabwe was taken as the study case, and oral health manpower projections were made using two of the most commonly employed methods and one new approach.