Sexual and reproductive health needs of women with severe mental illness in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review.

Background: This scoping review aimed to understand the extent and type of evidence in relation to sexual and reproductive health needs of women with severe mental illness (SMI) in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) and to summarise those needs.

Methods: Inclusion criteria were 1) focus on sexual and reproductive health needs 2) women or girls with SMI, professionals, caregivers of women with SMI and community members 3) study set in a LMIC 4) peer reviewed literature (no restriction on study date or design). Studies were identified from comprehensive searches of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO (to July 2023).

Role of the gut microbiome in mediating sex-specific differences in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents distinct pathophysiological features influenced by biological sex, with women disproportionately affected due to sex-specific genetic, hormonal, and epigenetic factors. This review delves into three critical areas of sex differences in AD: First, we explore how genetic predisposition and hormonal changes, particularly those involving sex-specific modifications, influence susceptibility and progression of the disease. Second, we examine the neuroimmune dynamics in AD, emphasizing variations in microglial activity between sexes during crucial developmental stages and the effects of hormonal interventions on disease outcomes.

Beta-site APP-cleaving Enzyme-1 Inhibitory Role of Natural Flavonoids in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a devastating neurological condition characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function, including memory loss, reasoning difficulties, and disorientation. Its hallmark features include the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the brain, disrupting normal neuronal function. Neurofibrillary tangles, composed of phosphorylated tau protein and neuritic plaques, containing amyloid-β protein (Aβ) aggregates, contribute to the degenerative process.

Sodium oligomannate alters gut microbiota, reduces cerebral amyloidosis and reactive microglia in a sex-specific manner.

It has recently become well-established that there is a connection between Alzheimer's disease pathology and gut microbiome dysbiosis. We have previously demonstrated that antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota perturbations lead to attenuation of Aβ deposition, phosphorylated tau accumulation, and disease-associated glial cell phenotypes in a sex-dependent manner. In this regard, we were intrigued by the finding that a marine-derived oligosaccharide, GV-971, was reported to alter gut microbiota and reduce Aβ amyloidosis in the 5XFAD mouse model that were treated at a point when Aβ burden was near plateau levels.

Early modulation of the gut microbiome by female sex hormones alters amyloid pathology and microglial function.

It is well-established that women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer's disease. The mechanisms underlying this sex-specific disparity are not fully understood, but several factors that are often associated-including interactions of sex hormones, genetic factors, and the gut microbiome-likely contribute to the disease's etiology. Here, we have examined the role of sex hormones and the gut microbiome in mediating Aβ amyloidosis and neuroinflammation in APPPS1-21 mice.

Translational profiling identifies sex-specific metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of cortical microglia/macrophages in APPPS1-21 mice with an antibiotic-perturbed-microbiome.

Background: Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages perform immune surveillance and engage with pathological processes resulting in phenotype changes necessary for maintaining homeostasis. In preceding studies, we showed that antibiotic-induced perturbations of the gut microbiome of APPPS1-21 mice resulted in significant attenuation in Aβ amyloidosis and altered microglial phenotypes that are specific to male mice. The molecular events underlying microglial phenotypic transitions remain unclear.

The gut microbiome regulates astrocyte reaction to Aβ amyloidosis through microglial dependent and independent mechanisms.

Background: Previous studies show that antibiotic-mediated (abx) alteration of the gut microbiome (GMB) results in a reduction of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and proinflammatory microglial phenotype in male APPPS1-21 mice. However, the effect of GMB perturbation on astrocyte phenotypes and microglial-astrocyte communication in the context of amyloidosis has not been examined.

Methods: To study whether the GMB modulates astrocyte phenotype in the context of amyloidosis, APPPS1-21 male and female mice were treated with broad-spectrum abx leading to GMB perturbation.

Comparative Evaluation of Buccal Infiltration Technique with Buccal Plus Palatal Infiltration Technique Using 4% Articaine in Patients with Irreversible Pulpitis of Maxillary 1 Molars: A Prospective, Randomized, Study.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the buccal infiltration (BI) technique with the buccal plus palatal infiltration (BPI) technique using 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine.

Methods: A total of 50 adult patients received BI, and the other 50 adult patients received BPI with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. During RCT procedure, when the patient experienced pain, the treatment was stopped and the extent of the procedure was documented.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Recent Caries Removal Techniques: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: Dentistry is undergoing a gentle revolution that will consign drill and fill to history. In order to increase the acceptance of dental treatment, efforts are directed toward changing traditional painful dentistry into a new concept of painless dentistry. It is common practice to utilize burs for caries removal and cavity preparation.

The gut microbiome in Alzheimer's disease: what we know and what remains to be explored.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, results in a sustained decline in cognition. There are currently few effective disease modifying therapies for AD, but insights into the mechanisms that mediate the onset and progression of disease may lead to new, effective therapeutic strategies. Amyloid beta oligomers and plaques, tau aggregates, and neuroinflammation play a critical role in neurodegeneration and impact clinical AD progression.

ApoE isoform- and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy.

Tau-mediated neurodegeneration is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Primary tauopathies are characterized by pathological tau accumulation and neuronal and synaptic loss. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the progression of tau-mediated neurodegeneration, and emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota regulates neuroinflammation in an APOE genotype-dependent manner.

Comparing impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on training of public health Specialty Registrars starting before or after its onset.

Objectives: To capture and compare the differences in experiences of public health Specialty Registrars who commenced training prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (pre-pandemic Registrars) and those who commenced training during the pandemic (post-pandemic Registrars).

Study Design: This is a mixed methods study comprising a cross-sectional survey and participatory action research.

Methods: A questionnaire of 10 open and 5 closed questions exploring participants experience of training during the pandemic was sent to East Midlands Specialty Registrars.

The Study of Prevalence and Distribution of Shape Anomalies of Teeth in Indian Population on the Basis of Age and Gender.

Introduction: Dental anomaly of shape leads to various clinical dental pathologies requiring the intervention of a dental specialist. Early diagnosis and intervention in earlier stages can restore a near-normal dentition and esthetics. So, the present study was undertaken to determine the prevailing dental anomalies of shape and its various subtypes in various age groups and gender variations.

Increased Type I interferon signaling and brain endothelial barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction is emerging as a key pathogenic factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), where increased microvascular endothelial permeability has been proposed to play an important role. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to increased brain microvascular permeability in AD are not fully understood. We studied brain endothelial permeability in female APPswe/PS1∆E9 (APP/PS1) mice which constitute a transgenic mouse model of amyloid-beta (Aβ) amyloidosis and found that permeability increases with aging in the areas showing the greatest amyloid plaque deposition.

Infection and inflammation: New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease.

Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a component of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathology since the original descriptions by Alois Alzheimer and a role for infections in AD pathogenesis has long been hypothesized. More recently, this hypothesis has gained strength as human genetics and experimental data suggest key roles for inflammatory cells in AD pathogenesis. To review this topic, Duke/University of North Carolina (Duke/UNC) Alzheimer's Disease Research Center hosted a virtual symposium: "Infection and Inflammation: New Perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease (AD).

Rhinovirus persistence during the COVID-19 pandemic-Impact on pediatric acute wheezing presentations.

Rhinoviruses have persisted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, despite other seasonal respiratory viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, human metapneumovirus) being mostly suppressed by pandemic restrictions, such as masking and other forms of social distancing, especially during the national lockdown periods. Rhinoviruses, as nonenveloped viruses, are known to transmit effectively via the airborne and fomite route, which has allowed infection among children and adults to continue despite pandemic restrictions. Rhinoviruses are also known to cause and exacerbate acute wheezing episodes in children predisposed to this condition.

Gut microbiota-driven brain Aβ amyloidosis in mice requires microglia.

We previously demonstrated that lifelong antibiotic (ABX) perturbations of the gut microbiome in male APPPS1-21 mice lead to reductions in amyloid β (Aβ) plaque pathology and altered phenotypes of plaque-associated microglia. Here, we show that a short, 7-d treatment of preweaned male mice with high-dose ABX is associated with reductions of Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes at 9 wk of age in male mice only. More importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from transgenic (Tg) or WT male donors into ABX-treated male mice completely restored Aβ amyloidosis, plaque-localized microglia morphologies, and Aβ-associated degenerative changes.

Nanoscale organization of Nicastrin, the substrate receptor of the γ-secretase complex, as independent molecular domains.

Alterations in the canonical processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein generate proteoforms that contribute to the onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Modified composition of γ-secretase or mutations in its subunits has been directly linked to altered generation of Amyloid beta. Despite biochemical evidence about the role of γ-secretase in the generation of APP, the molecular origin of how spatial heterogeneity in the generation of proteoforms arises is not well understood.

Pharmacodynamic Stance of Phytoconstituents as a Gastric Ulcer Protective Mechanism: An Overview.

Various traditional herbal plants have been associated with unique pharmacological actions. Natural parts as well as processed plant parts are known to possess gastro-protective and gastro- mucosal healing property. Motive of this review analysis is to explain the gastro-protective and gastro-mucosal healing property of different herbal plants and their constituents indigenous to various regions of the globe and elucidate mechanisms of the healing by their metabolic extracts.

An APP ectodomain mutation outside of the Aβ domain promotes Aβ production in vitro and deposition in vivo.

Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)-linked mutations in the APP gene occur either within the Aβ-coding region or immediately proximal and are located in exons 16 and 17, which encode Aβ peptides. We have identified an extremely rare, partially penetrant, single nucleotide variant (SNV), rs145081708, in APP that corresponds to a Ser198Pro substitution in exon 5. We now report that in stably transfected cells, expression of APP harboring the S198P mutation (APPS198P) leads to elevated production of Aβ peptides by an unconventional mechanism in which the folding and exit of APPS198P from the endoplasmic reticulum is accelerated.