Differential regulation of Snail by hypoxia and hyperglycemia in human proximal tubule cells.

The centrality of the transcriptional regulator Snail in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT), known to occur in models of diabetic nephropathy, has not been established. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta1) is induced in diabetic nephropathy and induces both Snail and EMT. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are known to induce Snail, independent of TGFbeta1.

Nanomedicines in the treatment of anemia in renal disease: focus on CERA (Continuous Erythropoietin Receptor Activator).

Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with erythropoietin deficiency being the major contributing factor. The availability of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has been a seminal advance in the treatment of anemia related to chronic kidney disease. Over the course of the last decade and a half, newer generations of ESAs have become available.

TGF-beta1 induces IL-8 and MCP-1 through a connective tissue growth factor-independent pathway.

Transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) functions as an important immunomodulatory cytokine in human kidney. Evidence suggests that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an important downstream mediator of the profibrotic effects of TGF-beta(1). However, the role of CTGF in TGF-beta(1)-induced chemokine production remains unknown.