Estimating Annual Births to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-Positive Women in the United States by Using Data on Maternal Country of Birth.

Objective: A national estimate of births to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women can help public health programs plan surveillance, educational, and outreach activities to improve identification and management of at-risk women and infants. Stratifying mothers by country of birth allows for the application of region-specific HBsAg prevalence estimates, which can more precisely estimate the number of at-risk infants. The objective of our study was to estimate the number of births to HBsAg-positive women in the United States with more granularity than previous models.

The national Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program, 1994-2008.

Objective: To determine the trends and outcomes of the national Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (PHBPP) for infants born from 1994 to 2008.

Methods: PHBPPs in state and city public health jurisdictions annually submitted program outcome reports to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The annual number of births to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive women was estimated and used to evaluate the percentage of PHBPP-identified HBsAg-positive pregnant women.

Estimating the number of births to hepatitis B virus-infected women in 22 states, 2006.

Background: Estimating the annual number of births to hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected women is essential for monitoring efforts to prevent perinatal HBV transmission. We describe a method for estimating births to HBV-infected women in 22 states during 2006.

Methods: The number of births to HBV-infected women was calculated by (1) multiplying the number of US/Canadian-born mothers stratified by US race/ethnicity-specific HBV prevalence estimates, and (2) adding the number of foreign-born mothers stratified by their region of birth and multiplied by region-specific HBV prevalence estimates.

A population-based study of access to immunization among urban Virginia children served by public, private, and military health care systems.

Background: Pediatric immunization rates have increased in the United States since 1990. Nevertheless, national survey data indicate that up to one third of 2-year-old children in some states and urban areas lack at least one recommended dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-, polio-, or measles-containing vaccines. Immunization has become a key measure of preventive pediatric health care in the United States.

Mumps surveillance--United States, 1988-1993.

Problem/condition: CDC monitors the incidence of mumps in the United States through the passive reporting of cases to its National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS).

Reporting Period Covered: 1988-1993.

Description Of System: Weekly reports to the NNDSS from 48 states and the District of Columbia were used to calculate incidence rates for mumps.

The geographic distribution of measles in the United States, 1980 through 1989.

Objective: To describe the geographic distribution of measles cases in the United States by county for the 10-year period from 1980 through 1989.

Design: Ecological analysis of national measles surveillance data.

Methods: Measles cases reported to the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from 1980 through 1989 were analyzed.

Assessment of vital statistics and surveillance data for monitoring tetanus mortality, United States, 1979-1984.

Reported tetanus cases and tetanus deaths have declined substantially since widespread implementation of tetanus immunization. However, preventable morbidity and mortality continue to occur. During 1979-1984, 74-95 cases of tetanus were reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and 20-31 deaths were reported annually by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).

Measles hospitalizations, United States, 1977-84: comparison with national surveillance data.

Trends in measles discharges from hospitals participating in the Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, Professional Activities Study (CPHA-PAS) from 1977 to 1984 reflected the rapid decline in measles morbidity indicated by national surveillance data with an 88 per cent decrease in hospitalizations and a 95 per cent decrease in reported cases from 1977 to 1984. Overall trends in number, age, and seasonal distribution were also generally similar. Thirty-four per cent of the hospitalizations listed respiratory complications, 8.

Impact of revaccinating children who initially received measles vaccine before 10 months of age.

Two hundred fifty-four infants who had received measles vaccine at less than 10 months of age were revaccinated at greater than or equal to 15 months of age, and their immune responses were compared with 129 control infants who received their first doses of measles vaccine at greater than or equal to 15 months of age. Sera were collected at the time of revaccination (study infants) or primary vaccination (control infants), 3 weeks, and 8 months later and tested for antibody by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cytopathic effect neutralization (CPEN). Of the 121 study infants who were initially HI negative, 116 (95.

Clinical mumps vaccine efficacy.

From February 5 through April 23, 1982, 110 cases of mumps were reported among 357 students in a middle school in Ashtabula County, Ohio, an overall attack rate of 31%. Vaccine efficacy was calculated using a variety of case definitions, case surveillance systems, and vaccination-status ascertainment methods to evaluate their effects on the estimated vaccine efficacy. From data collected at the school for case ascertainment and vaccination status, clinical vaccine efficacy was initially estimated at 37%.

The opportunity and obligation to eliminate rubella from the United States.

The licensure of rubella vaccines in the United States in 1969 offered the opportunity to prevent the devastating consequences of congenital rubella infection, including miscarriages, therapeutic abortions, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), with its average lifetime cost of more than $220,000 per case. With the widespread use of vaccine, rubella transmission in the United States has been reduced to record low levels. Epidemics of rubella and CRS, previously reported every six to nine years, have not occurred, and since 1980, following decreases of rubella incidence rates in the postpubertal population, the endemic incidence rates of CRS have also begun to decrease.