The Effect of Glycopyrrolate on the Incidence of Hypotension and Vasopressor Requirement During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-analysis.

Background: The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the efficacy of glycopyrrolate at reducing spinal hypotension during cesarean delivery.

Methods: A literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of glycopyrrolate on spinal-induced hypotension during cesarean delivery. Primary outcomes were intraoperative hypotension and vasopressor requirement (phenylephrine equivalents).

Parenteral opioid analgesia: Does it still have a role?

Parenteral opioids have been used in labour analgesia for many years, but the ideal opioid in this setting is yet to be found. We review the properties of currently used opioids, their analgesic properties and side effects to mother and foetus. Parenteral opioids can be administered as intermittent boluses or through a patient-controlled intravenous administration system.