Dental and temporomandibular joint pathology of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis).

Museum skull specimens from 318 island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. The study population included males (n = 129, 40.6%), females (n = 93, 29.

Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of Wild Carnivores in the Western USA.

Skull specimens from: southern sea otter (), Eastern Pacific harbor seal (, California sea lion (, northern fur seal (), walrus (), polar bear (, North American brown bear (, American black bear , California mountain lion (), California bobcat (, gray fox (, kit fox (, and gray wolf ( ( = 5,011) were macroscopically examined for dental and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology. The presence of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) varied across species: 4.1% of southern sea otter, 34.