Assessing Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations of Lake Surface Areas in Mongolia during 2000-2011 Using Minimum Composite MODIS NDVI.

A minimum composite method was applied to produce a 15-day interval normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) dataset from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily 250 m reflectance in the red and near-infrared bands. This dataset was applied to determine lake surface areas in Mongolia. A total of 73 lakes greater than 6.

Hemodynamic effects of continuous intravenous injection and bolus plus continuous intravenous injection of oxytocin in cesarean section.

Background: Oxytocin may cause adverse cardiovascular effects, including tachycardia and hypotension, whereas the optimal dose of oxytocin at elective cesarean section is unclear. To determine the lowest effective dose of oxytocin, we studied the hemodynamic effects of three doses during spinal anesthesia for elective single cesarean delivery.

Methods: Sixty women received oxytocin by continuous (0.

Simulating effects of fire disturbance and climate change on boreal forest productivity and evapotranspiration.

We used a terrestrial ecosystem process model, BIOME-BGC, to investigate historical climate change and fire disturbance effects on regional carbon and water budgets within a 357,500 km(2) portion of the Canadian boreal forest. Historical patterns of increasing atmospheric CO2, climate change, and regional fire activity were used as model drivers to evaluate the relative effects of these impacts to spatial patterns and temporal trends in forest net primary production (NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Historical trends of increasing atmospheric CO2 resulted in overall 13% and 5% increases in annual NPP and ET from 1994 to 1996, respectively.