Development of a sample preparation and analysis method for therapeutic monitoring of diazepam and major metabolite in alcohol withdrawal syndrome treatment.

Diazepam, a widely prescribed benzodiazepine, is frequently used for the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms. Its monitoring is critical due to its potential for abuse and the therapeutic importance of its metabolite nordiazepam. A sustainable and environmentally friendly high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the quantification of diazepam and its active metabolite nordiazepam in human plasma samples.

An overview on Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus' genetics.

Major autoimmune rheumatic disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, are defined by the presence of autoantibodies. These diseases are brought on by immune system dysregulation, which can present clinically in a wide range of ways. The etiologies of these illnesses are complex and heavily impacted by a variety of genetic and environmental variables.

Optimisation of pharmacotherapy in psychiatry through therapeutic drug monitoring, molecular brain imaging and pharmacogenetic tests: Focus on antipsychotics.

Background: For psychotic disorders (i.e. schizophrenia), pharmacotherapy plays a key role in controlling acute and long-term symptoms.

The Potential Role of and Genetic Variations and Lifestyle Factors on Clozapine and N-DesmethylClozapine Plasma Levels in Schizophrenia Patients.

Background: Despite its advantages over other antipsychotics, for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, clinical use of Clozapine (CLZ) is challenging by its narrow therapeutic index and potentially life-threatening dose-related adverse effects.

Research Design And Methods: As the potential role in CLZ metabolism is assigned to CYP1A2 enzyme and consequently Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) their genetic variations might help to determine CLZ levels in schizophrenia patients. For this purpose, 112 schizophrenia patients receiving CLZ were included in the current study.

Association between serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A), serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphisms and citalopram/sertraline induced sexual dysfunction in MDD patients.

Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a troublesome adverse effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). A variety of mechanisms might be involved in the occurrence of SD but the exact mechanism is still not clear. Genetic variations among patients treated with SSRIs are strong determinants of intolerance and poor compliance.

The relationship between the serotonin 2A receptor gene -1438A/G and 102T/C polymorphisms and citalopram/sertraline-induced nausea in major depressed patients.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between the polymorphisms of -1438A/G and 102T/C in the 5-HT2A receptor (HTR2A) gene and nausea/vomiting as a side effect induced by sertraline (SERT) or citalopram (CIT) in patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods: A total of 128 patients were enrolled, 63 patients received CIT, whereas 65 patients were treated with SERT. Nausea/vomiting were assessed with the UKU Side-effects Rating Scale at baseline and at the end of the second and fourth weeks.

Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2B6 in a Turkish population.

Increasing interest in cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) genetic polymorphism was stimulated by revelations of a specific CYP2B6 genotype significantly affecting the metabolism of various drugs in common clinical use in terms of increasing drug efficacy and avoiding adverse drug reactions. The present study aimed to determine the frequencies of CYP2B6*4 CYP2B6*5, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*7 and CYP2B6*9 alleles in healthy Turkish individuals (n = 172). Frequencies of three single nucleotide polymorphisms were 516G>T (28%), 785A>G (33%), and 1459C>T (12%).

DNA integrity in patients undergoing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy.

Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is successfully applied for a wide variety of diseases. However, recent studies in humans undergoing (HBO) therapy have revealed that HBO is able to induce oxidative DNA damage especially in lymphocytes while the biological significance of this outcome is still not clear. HBO mediated DNA damage in lymphocytes has been determined by using the alkaline version of the comet assay in order to detect DNA strand breakages in patients undergoing HBO therapy.

The relationship of PON1 QR 192 and LM 55 polymorphisms with serum paraoxonase activities of Turkish diabetic patients.

Paraoxonase (PON1) is a serum esterase responsible for the protection against xenobiotics toxicity such as paraoxon. Alterations in PON1 concentrations have been reported in a variety of diseases including diabetes mellitus (DM). It has been shown that the serum PON1 concentration and activity are decreased in patients with both type 1 and type 2 DM.

Are PON1 Q/R 192 and M/L 55 polymorphisms risk factors for diabetes complications in Turkish population?

Objectives: We investigated whether the human serum paraoxonase (PON1) Q/R 192 and M/L 55 polymorphisms are associated with the complications of the type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design And Methods: Study group was consisted of 50 healthy subjects and 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Following measuring of serum PON1 activity, isolation of DNA and genotyping analyses were performed.

Possible effect of gene polymorphisms on the release of TNFα and IL1 cytokines in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

It has been shown that coal dust exposure stimulates inflammatory response leading to increased release of cytokines from monocytes such as TNF-alpha and IL1. These released cytokines play the key role in the pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis including coal workers' pneumoconiosis. In this study, we investigated TNFA, IL1A, IL1B and IL1RA genes variations on basal, lipopolysaccharide and coal dust-induced cytokine release from blood monocytes of homozygous allele and minor variant allele carriers in Turkish coal workers and CWP patients.

CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu polymorphisms in a Turkish population.

Oxidative stress is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of considerable number of complex diseases. The antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) are important components of cell defense against oxidative stress, and polymorphisms in the genes which regulate their expression may contribute to differences in susceptibility of individuals to oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of CAT C-262T and GPX1 Pro198Leu genotypic variants in a Turkish population.

Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms in CWP and its severity in Turkish coal workers.

Background: Cytokines appear to play a key role in some inflammatory reactions affecting the interactions among pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms that result in several diseases such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). In this study, to determine the cytokine gene profiles of Turkish coal miners, we performed genotyping analysis to investigate the polymorphisms of CWP-related pro-inflammatory (TNFA, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1RN and TGFB1). An additional goal was to observe whether these cytokine gene polymorphisms influence the development risk and severity of.

Polymorphisms of microsomal epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase P1 in a male Turkish population.

Polymorphic genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes may account for interindividual differences in certain types of diseases especially cancer. In this study, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) and glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene polymorphisms were determined among 133 healthy males of a Turkish population. Frequencies of EPHX1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms were determined by using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) method.

Deoxycholic acid at neutral and acid pH, is genotoxic to oesophageal cells through the induction of ROS: The potential role of anti-oxidants in Barrett's oesophagus.

Bile acids are often refluxed into the lower oesophagus and are candidate carcinogens in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. We show here that the secondary bile acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA), is the only one of the commonly refluxed bile acids tested here, to show genotoxicity, in terms of chromosome damage and mutation induction in the human p53 gene. This genotoxicity was apparent at both neutral and acidic pH, whilst there was a considerable increase in bile-induced toxicity at acidic pH.

The oxidative DNA base damage in testes of rats after intraperitoneal cadmium injection.

Cadmium is known to be a carcinogenic metal that especially its compounds have sufficient evidence in both humans and experimental animals beneath its environmental effects. Testis tissue is highly sensitive to the effects of cadmium. It is proposed that cadmium also increases oxygen derived free radicals and lipid peroxidation.

Polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1, glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 in a Turkish population.

Intra-ethnic as well as inter-ethnic differences are known to exist in the frequencies of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1, and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with which associations have been shown for several cancers. In this study, CYP1A1 m2, GSTM1, and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms were determined among 133 healthy individuals of a Turkish population. On the basis of polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) methodology, the frequency of CYP1A1 m2 mutation was determined.

Influence of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) polymorphism on biomarkers of lead exposure in Turkish storage battery manufacturing workers.

Background: The relationship between delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism (ALAD) and biomarkers of exposure was investigated in Turkish lead workers in this study.

Methods: Seventy two male lead battery manufacturing workers were selected for the study. Blood lead (BPb) and urinary lead (UPb) concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry.