Comparison of rhabdomyolysis in acutely intoxicated patients with psychotropic and chemical substances.

Rhabdomyolysis is characterized by a muscle injury that leads to the release of intracellular muscle contents/constituents into the systemic circulation.

Ingestion of corrosive substances and the endoscopic role in assessing the severity of caustic injury.

Introduction: The ingestion of caustic substances into the upper gastrointestinal tract is an unusual but potentially life-threatening problem.

Aim: To evaluate the most commonly ingested corrosive substances, and the endoscopic findings, complications, and final outcomes of caustic intake.

Material And Methods: This cross-sectional study included 220 inpatient participants with corrosive poisonings during a 3-year period (2017-2019).

CREATINE KINASE IN PATIENTS WITH RHABDOMYOLYSIS ACUTELY INTOXICATED WITH PSYCHOTROPIC AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.

The aim of this study was to determine the CK activity and its association with the length of hospital stay in acutely intoxicated patients with psychotropic and chemical substances. Rhabdomyolysis is defined as a creatine kinase (CK) > 250 U/L. We included adult patients ≥ 18 years of age, with rhabdomyolysis acutely intoxicated with psychotropic and chemical substances in the first 48 hours.

Unintentional Opioid Overdoses Treated at University Clinic of Toxicology-Skopje in a Nine-Year-Period.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the epidemiological profile of unintentional opioid overdoses, the prevalence and number of psychotropic substances involved in opioid overdoses.

Methods: This was a descriptive study, in which 180 participants were enrolled, and covered a nine-years-period. For collecting data was used the National patient electronic system "My term".

CLINICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FINDINGS OF RHABDOMYOLYSIS IN ACUTE INTOXICATIONS WITH PSYCHOACTIVE AND CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES.

The aim of the study is to identify possible differences in demographic, laboratory and clinical characteristics between patients with rhabdomyolysis due to intoxication with psychoactive and chemical substances. The study is a cross-sectional study conducted between 1 January and 30 June 2019. All the patients included during this period were treated due to intoxication (outpatient or hospitalized) at the University Clinic of Toxicology in Skopje.

Pulmonary thrombosis in acute organophosphate poisoning-Case report and literature overview of prothrombotic preconditioning in organophosphate toxicity.

Objective: Acute organophosphate (OP) poisonings are presented with acetylcholine-receptor overstimulation. There have been a few case reports of thrombotic complications in acute OP poisonings, as well as prolonged thrombosis preconditions in patients who survived this type of intoxications. The paper presents a case with pulmonary thrombosis (PT) that develops in the subacute phase of intentional acute OP poisoning, treated only with atropine, as well as a literature overview of OP-induced prothrombotic toxicity.

Influence of Duration of Heroin Dependence on Humoral Immunologic Indicators.

Objective: The incidence of autoantibodies may be associated with the duration of drug use. In this study, we assessed the association between the duration of heroin dependence and various humoral immunologic indicators, including IgA, IgG, IgM, complement component 3, complement component 4, rheumatoid factor, anti-β2-glycoprotein 1 (IgA, IgG, IgM), antinuclear antibody, circulating immune complexes, and cryoglobulins.

Methods: A total of 363 patients with heroin dependence were enrolled in this cross-sectional and prospective study over a 3.

Severe mushroom poisoning in one Macedonian family.

Background: Collecting and consuming wild mushrooms is a historical tradition in many European countries, including The Republic of Macedonia. This activity is predominantly performed in the period between June and October, when the weather is warm and humidity in the air and soil is at higher levels.The Amanita genus consists of 500 different species of mushrooms; among these, Amanita phaloides, Amanita virosa and Amanita verna are most commonly found in oak forests in our country.

The Presence of Some Humoral Immunologic Indicators and Clinical Manifestations in Cryoglobulin Positive Heroin Addicts without Evidence of Hepatitis Virus Infection.

Introduction: Cryoglobulins are single or mixed immunoglobulins that are subject to reversible precipitation at low temperatures.

Objective: The aims of this paper were: 1. Comparison of cryoglobulin positive (CP), cryoglobulin negative (CN) heroin addicts and the control group (CG) in terms of serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM and complement components C3 and C4; 2.

Acute unintentional intoxication with paraffin in a 25-year old patient - clinical case report.

"Fire-breathing" or "fire-eating" is a special kind of street art where the acts are always stunning, spectacular and amazing. People exhibiting this kind of show are professionals, not rare amateurs, who use different kind of fuels, usually hydrocarbons, in order to produce a pillar of fire. Intoxications caused by ingestion or inhalation of liquid paraffin, used as a fuel while performing, are numerous and various.

Respiratory complications from acute corrosive poisonings in adults.

Introduction: Acute corrosive poisonings are caused by ingestion of corrosive chemicals which are most commonly used as household agents. Intoxications with these kind of agents produce numerous and severe post-corrosive complications of the upper gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, our experience showed that corrosive agents may also cause injuries of the respiratory system, which makes the treatment very hard and additionally complicates the severe clinical condition of the patient.

Severe renal function impairment in adult patients acutely poisoned with concentrated acetic acid.

Acetic acid is a widely used organic acid with corrosive properties that depend on its concentration. If acetic acid is ingested in concentrations above 30 % it may severely damage the upper gastrointestinal tract and cause intravascular haemolysis, which can result in severe kidney and liver disorders and disseminated intravascular coagulation. In this retrospective study, we analysed acetic acid ingestion data collected at the University Clinic for Toxicology of Skopje, Macedonia from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2011.

Conservative therapeutic approach to corrosive poisonings in adults.

Introduction: In this study, we assess the effectiveness of a conservative therapeutic treatment of acute corrosive poisonings in adults, and we define therapeutic protocols based on clinical and endoscopic criteria.

Methods: We analyzed clinical records of patients with acute corrosive poisonings who were hospitalized and treated at the Toxicology Clinic at the University of Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, during a 5-year period (2006-2010). A total of 481 patients' records with cases of acute corrosive poisonings were analyzed.

Changes of some humoral immunologic indicators and clinical manifestations of cryoglobulinemia in heroin addicts.

Unlabelled: Different autoantibodies and immunologic abnormalities have been described in heroin addicts.

Aims: dpending on the route of heroin application in heroin addicts to determine: 1) immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM; 2) complement (C3, C4); 3) some other autoantibodies RF, anti β2GP1 fractions: IgA, IgG, IgM, ANA; 4) CIC; 5)monitoring the cryoglobulin presence; 6) clinical manifestations in cryoglobulin positive heroin addicts. A total of 363 heroin addicts were analyzed after previously completed questionnaire; biochemical analyses of blood and urine; creatinine clearance (eC(Cr)) by Cockcroft-Gault formula; proteinuria; 24-hour proteinuria (Uprot/Ucreat); ECG; toxicological analyses; complement (C3, C4); immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM; rheumatoid factor; cryoglobulins; circulating immune complexes; antiphospholipid antibodies (anti β2GP1: IgA, IgG, IgM); antinuclear antibodies.

Clinical and epidemiological features of acute corrosive poisonings.

Background: the ingestion of chemical agents, of caustic nature, represents a serious problem for clinical toxicology. If the ingestion doesn't cause death during the acute period, it will most often cause severe side effects in the upper gastrointestinal tract during the chronic phase.

Aims: The purpose of this study is to show the clinical, epidemiological and socio-economical characteristics seen in acute corrosive poisonings such as ingested caustic agents, causes for abuse and most consequential complications.

Evaluation of circulating immune complexes and antiphospholipid antibodies (anti beta 2 glycoprotein 1) in heroin addicts and their clinical significance.

Introduction: Earlier studies have reported that heroin might cause the structural and antigen changes on numerous tissues, organs and subsequent development of autoimmune reactions (production of antibodies and creation of immune complexes) as a result the immunotoxic effect of heroin. The aims of our study were to: a) Evaluate CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts; b) Correlate between the values of the obtained CIC and antibeta2GP1 (stratified by the duration and route of heroin application); c) Compare the CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts and the control group and d) Assess the clinical importance of CIC and antibeta2GP1 in heroin addicts.

Patients And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed at the University Clinic of Toxicology and the Institute of Transfusiology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia.

Program of the university clinic of toxicology, skopje, republic of macedonia in treatment of drug addiction (buprenorfin treatment protocol).

The program of our Clinic includes, not only treatment of acute intoxication with opioids and other drugs, but also comprehends clinical investigations and treatment of the somatic complications of this population. For the first time in our country our Clinic offers to this population the alternative way of treatment with Buprenorfin. The Clinic started with this protocol on August 1, 2009.

Predictive value of the duration of sciatica for lumbar discectomy.

The optimal time for lumbar discectomy due to sciatica is still under discussion. We examined a group of 177 consecutive patients with lumbar disc herniation, who underwent lumbar discectomy. According to the duration of the sciatica, patients were divided into 3 groups: 31 (17.