Erratum to "A syndemic of psychiatric morbidity, substance misuse, violence, and poor physical health among young Scottish men with reduced life expectancy" [SSM - Population Health 15(2021) 100858].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.

Assessing protective factors to prevent post-discharge violent behaviour: Towards an assets-based approach for clinical risk management.

Medium secure forensic psychiatric units (MSUs) in the UK aim to be recovery-oriented to enable discharge to community-based services. Risk assessments are key to discharge planning, but clinical practice tends to focus on risk factors for violence rather than protective factors associated with a decrease in risk. The aims of this study were to investigate the reliability and validity of the Structured Assessment of Protective Factors (SAPROF) as a useful measure to support an assets-based approach when planning discharge from MSUs.

Interpersonal violence in a deprived Scottish urban area with aggregations of physical health risks and psychiatric morbidity: an ecological study.

Background: Glasgow, Scotland, has previously shown exceptional levels of violence among young men, shows aggregations of health conditions, with shortened life expectancy. Health conditions can be both causes and consequences of violence, of shared community-level socio-economic risk factors, and can result from large-scale social forces beyond the control of populations with high levels of violence. The aim of the study was to provide an in depth understanding of the Public Health problem of violence among young adult men in Glasgow East.

Gang membership and sexual violence: associations with childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity.

Background: Gang members engage in many high-risk sexual activities that may be associated with psychiatric morbidity. Victim-focused research finds high prevalence of sexual violence towards women affiliated with gangs.

Aims: To investigate associations between childhood maltreatment and psychiatric morbidity on coercive and high-risk sexual behaviour among gang members.

Ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences explained by area-level syndemic effects.

Background: Ethnic inequalities in health outcomes are often explained by socioeconomic status and concentrated poverty. However, ethnic disparities in psychotic experiences are not completely attenuated by these factors.

Aims: We investigated whether disparities are better explained by interactions between individual risk factors and place-based clustering of disadvantage, termed a syndemic.

Shifts in positive and negative psychotic symptoms and anger: effects on violence.

Background: Changes in positive and negative symptom profiles during acute psychotic episodes may be key drivers in the pathway to violence. Acute episodes are often preceded by fluctuations in affect before psychotic symptoms appear and affective symptoms may play a more important role in the pathway than previously recognised.

Methods: We carried out a prospective cohort study of 409 male and female patients discharged from medium secure services in England and Wales to the community.

Urban Birth, Urban Living, and Work Migrancy: Differential Effects on Psychotic Experiences Among Young Chinese Men.

Background: Urban birth and urban living are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia but less is known about effects on more common psychotic experiences (PEs). China has undergone the most rapid urbanization of any country which may have affected the population-level expression of psychosis. We therefore investigated effects of urbanicity, work migrancy, and residential stability on prevalence and severity of PEs.

A cross-national comparison of violence among young men in China and the UK: psychiatric and cultural explanations.

Purpose: Public health psychiatry has a key role in violence prevention. Cross-national comparisons of violence and associated psychiatric morbidity can indicate targets for preventive interventions.

Method: Data on young adult men in households, 18-34 years, were drawn from the Second Men's Modern Lifestyles survey in Great Britain (n = 2046) and from a corresponding survey in Chengdu, China (n = 4132), using a translated questionnaire.

Extremism, religion and psychiatric morbidity in a population-based sample of young men.

Background: There is growing risk from terrorism following radicalisation of young men. It is unclear whether psychopathology is associated.

Aims: To investigate the population distribution of extremist views among UK men.

Paranoid Ideation and Violence: Meta-analysis of Individual Subject Data of 7 Population Surveys.

There is controversy whether associations between psychosis and violence are due to coexisting substance misuse and factors increasing risk in nonpsychotic persons. Recent studies in clinical samples have implicated independent effects of paranoid delusions. Research findings suggest that individual psychotic-like-experiences on the psychosis continuum in the general population are associated with violence; it remains unclear whether this association is due to psychiatric comorbidity.

Childhood maltreatment and violence: mediation through psychiatric morbidity.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in adulthood including poor mental health and violence. We investigated direct and indirect pathways from childhood maltreatment to adult violence perpetration and the explanatory role of psychiatric morbidity. Analyses were based on a population survey of 2,928 young men 21-34 years in Great Britain in 2011, with boost surveys of black and minority ethnic groups and lower social grades.

Identifying Causal Risk Factors for Violence among Discharged Patients.

Background: Structured Professional Judgement (SPJ) is routinely administered in mental health and criminal justice settings but cannot identify violence risk above moderate accuracy. There is no current evidence that violence can be prevented using SPJ. This may be explained by routine application of predictive instead of causal statistical models when standardising SPJ instruments.

Criminal justice pathways to psychiatric care for psychosis.

Background: Some patients are at higher risk of contact with criminal justice agencies when experiencing a first episode of psychosis.

Aims: To investigate whether violence explains criminal justice pathways (CJPs) for psychosis in general, and ethnic vulnerability to CJPs.

Method: Two-year population-based survey of people presenting with a first-episode of psychosis.

Psychiatric diagnosis and differential risks of offending following discharge.

Psychiatric diagnosis is not considered a risk factor for offending following discharge. However, treatment interventions and aftercare are strongly influenced by clinical primary diagnosis. We compared differential risks of reoffending of patients falling into six primary diagnostic categories following discharge from Medium Secure Units in the UK: schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder; delusional disorder; mania/hypomania; depressive disorder; organic brain syndrome; personality disorder.

Discharges to prison from medium secure psychiatric units in England and Wales.

Background: Early findings from a national study of discharges from 32 National Health Service medium secure units revealed that nearly twice as many patients than expected were discharged back to prison.

Aims: To compare the characteristics of those discharged back to prison with those discharged to the community, and consider the implications for ongoing care and risk.

Method: Prospective cohort follow-up design.

Which pathways to psychiatric care lead to earlier treatment and a shorter duration of first-episode psychosis?

Background: The pathways to care in a first onset psychosis are diverse and may influence the chances of early treatment and therefore the duration of untreated psychosis. We test which pathways to care are associated with a delay in receiving treatment and a longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP).

Methods: In a population based survey, we interviewed 480 people with first episode psychosis aged 18 to 64 years over a 2-year period.

Adult antisocial syndrome co-morbid with borderline personality disorder is associated with severe conduct disorder, substance dependence and violent antisociality.

This study tested the hypothesis that syndromal adult antisocial behaviour (AABS) co-morbid with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a syndrome that emerges from severe conduct disorder (CD) in childhood and adolescence and is strongly associated, in adulthood, with both violence and substance dependence. In a sample of 8 580 community-resident adults screened for the presence of personality disorders, the following predictions arising from this hypothesis were tested: first, that those with AABS co-morbid with BPD would, in comparison with those showing AABS or BPD only, show a high level of antisocial outcomes, including violence; second, that adjusting for co-morbid alcohol dependence would attenuate group differences in many of the antisocial outcomes, and violence in particular; and third, that the AABS/BPD group would show both a high prevalence and a high severity of CD, and that adjusting for co-morbid CD would attenuate any association found between AABS/BPD co-morbidity and violence. Results confirmed these predictions, suggesting that AABS/BPD co-morbidity mediates the relationship between childhood CD and a predisposition to adult violence.

Association of violence with emergence of persecutory delusions in untreated schizophrenia.

Objective: Psychosis is considered an important risk factor for violence, but studies show inconsistent results. The mechanism through which psychotic disorders influence violence also remains uncertain. The authors investigated whether psychosis increased the risk of violent behavior among released prisoners and whether treatment reduced this risk.

Predicting future violence among individuals with psychopathy.

Structured risk assessment aims to help clinicians classify offenders according to likelihood of future violent and criminal behaviour. We investigated how confident clinicians can be using three commonly used instruments (HCR-20, VRAG, OGRS-II) in individuals with different diagnoses. Moderate to good predictive accuracy for future violence was achieved for released prisoners with no mental disorder, low to moderate for clinical syndromes and personality disorder, but accuracy was no better than chance for individuals with psychopathy.

Delusions, anger, and serious violence: new findings from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study.

Introduction: Recent research on the association between delusions and violence has suggested complex and differing pathways. Furthermore, it has been emphasized that temporal proximity is fundamental when investigating these relationships. We reanalyzed data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study utilizing a different methodological approach to investigate associations between specific delusions and violence.

Gang membership, violence, and psychiatric morbidity.

Objective: Gang members engage in many high-risk activities associated with psychiatric morbidity, particularly violence-related ones. The authors investigated associations between gang membership, violent behavior, psychiatric morbidity, and use of mental health services.

Method: The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 4,664 men 18-34 years of age in Great Britain using random location sampling.