Immune profiling of age and adjuvant-specific activation of human blood mononuclear cells in vitro.

Vaccination reduces morbidity and mortality due to infections, but efficacy may be limited due to distinct immunogenicity at the extremes of age. This raises the possibility of employing adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity and protection. Early IFNγ production is a hallmark of effective vaccine immunogenicity in adults serving as a biomarker that may predict effective adjuvanticity.

Intravenous pentoxifylline is well tolerated in critically ill preterm infants with sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a candidate adjuvant medication for the treatment of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. There is only limited data on safety and compatibility with other commonly used intravenous medications. This retrospective single-center study of 198 preterm infants (September 2012-September 2018) was performed at a level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

Cyclic AMP in human preterm infant blood is associated with increased TLR-mediated production of acute-phase and anti-inflammatory cytokines in vitro.

Background: Preterm infants are at high risk of infection and have distinct pathogen recognition responses. Suggested mechanisms include soluble mediators that enhance cellular levels of cAMP. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between blood cAMP concentrations and TLR-mediated cytokine production in infants during the first month of life.

Immunomodulation to Prevent or Treat Neonatal Sepsis: Past, Present, and Future.

Despite continued advances in neonatal medicine, sepsis remains a leading cause of death worldwide in neonatal intensive care units. The clinical presentation of sepsis in neonates varies markedly from that in older children and adults, and distinct acute inflammatory responses results in age-specific inflammatory and protective immune response to infection. This review first provides an overview of the neonatal immune system, then covers current mainstream, and experimental preventive and adjuvant therapies in neonatal sepsis.

Review demonstrates that less invasive surfactant administration in preterm neonates leads to fewer complications.

Unlabelled: Surfactant treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was introduced in Europe during the 1990s. Meta-analyses have indicated that using less invasive surfactant administration techniques on preterm neonates receiving continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) results in improved survival rates without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Surfactant should be administered early and ventilator settings adapted to changing oxygen requirements and lung mechanics.

Safety and Efficacy of Micafungin in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants.

Little is known about the side effects of micafungin in extremely low birth weight infants. In a retrospective single-center study, 19 extremely low birth weight infants were analyzed for micafungin efficacy and safety. At a mean±standard deviation daily dosage of 7.

Pentoxifylline modulates LPS-induced hyperinflammation in monocytes of preterm infants in vitro.

BackgroundPentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine derivate with immunomodulating properties, has been used as adjunctive treatment in severe neonatal sepsis. The aim of the study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PTX on Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated monocytes of preterm neonates in vitro compared with monocytes of term infants and adult controls.MethodsWhole cord blood samples and control adult blood samples were incubated with LPS and PTX.

Markers of endothelial cell activation and immune activation are increased in patients with severe leptospirosis and associated with disease severity.

Objectives: Previous studies concluded that haemorrhage is one of the most accurate prognostic factors of mortality in leptospirosis. Therefore, endothelial cell activation was investigated in relation to disease severity in severe leptospirosis.

Methods: Prospective cohort study of severe leptospirosis patients.