Inconsistent effects of gluten on obesity: is there a role for the haptoglobin isoforms?

Background And Aims: There is no clear evidence about the effects of gluten intake on obesity. It is known that gluten's effects on gut permeability are mediated by zonulin, a protein identified as pre-haptoglobin 2, a physiological regulator of the intestinal barrier. We investigated the obesogenic and inflammatory effects of gluten and its association with the haptoglobin genotype.