Complex Scenarios of Reticulation, Polyploidization, and Species Diversity within Annual Pansies of Subsect. ( Sect. , Violaceae) in Italy: Insights from High-Throughput Sequencing and Plastid DNA Variation.

sect. , the so-called pansy, is an allopolyploid morphologically well-defined lineage of ca. 110 perennial and annual species in the northern hemisphere, characterized by markedly complex genomic configurations.

5S-IGS rDNA in wind-pollinated trees (Fagus L.) encapsulates 55 million years of reticulate evolution and hybrid origins of modern species.

Standard models of plant speciation assume strictly dichotomous genealogies in which a species, the ancestor, is replaced by two offspring species. The reality in wind-pollinated trees with long evolutionary histories is more complex: species evolve from other species through isolation when genetic drift exceeds gene flow; lineage mixing can give rise to new species (hybrid taxa such as nothospecies and allopolyploids). The multi-copy, potentially multi-locus 5S rDNA is one of few gene regions conserving signal from dichotomous and reticulate evolutionary processes down to the level of intra-genomic recombination.

Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Section in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation.

Oaks () comprise more than 400 species worldwide and centres of diversity for most sections lie in the Americas and East/Southeast Asia. The only exception is the Eurasian sect. that comprises about 15 species, most of which are confined to western Eurasia.

Plastome data reveal multiple geographic origins of Quercus Group Ilex.

Nucleotide sequences from the plastome are currently the main source for assessing taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships in flowering plants and their historical biogeography at all hierarchical levels. One major exception is the large and economically important genus Quercus (oaks). Whereas differentiation patterns of the nuclear genome are in agreement with morphology and the fossil record, diversity patterns in the plastome are at odds with established taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships.